جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آغوز » در نشریات گروه « دامپزشکی »

Effect of zeolite in preparturient diet on production, and reproduction traits in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements in time was studied. Diets included: 1) Control group (without zeolite), 2) Control+0.75% Zeolite, and 3) Control+1.5% zeolite. Dietary Ca was based of NRC recommended. The diets were fed to the animals during the last 15 days of gestation. After calving, all animals were fed with the same diet and their performance was evaluated. The control group had better raw milk production, and dry matter and energy intakes, but feed efficiency was higher in zeolite-consuming cows (P≤0.01). Protein, NDF and ADF intakes and corrected milk production (4%) were not significantly different among the groups. The milk fat percentage of zeolite-consuming cows were higher than the control (P≤0.01), but the percentages of protein, lactose and SNF were not significantly different. Plasma concentrations of total Ca, Ca++ and their ratio were similar during calving, but higher in zeolite-consuming cows at 6, 12 and 24 h postpartum (P≤0.01). The frequency of hypocalcaemia and postpartum disorders were higher in the control group than the other two groups (P≤0.01). Body condition score and colostrum quality of zeolite-consuming cows were higher than the control (P≤0.01). According to the results of this research, the use of zeolite at the level of 1.5% DM of preparturient diet is recommended and compared to the level of 0.75% DM and control group, it has a better effect on controlling blood Ca concentration and improving the production and reproductive traits of cows.

Dairy products start from the farm, and for a high-quality dairy product, we need to raise quality standards. Manufacturers need to use methods that reduce mastitis and bacterial contamination of the tank milk. Using strategies to minimize raw milk contamination and control mastitis is also critical. Factors such as nutritional value, taste, health, demand, and freedom of choice are the reasons for the interest in consuming raw milk. Milk and its products are essential components of a healthy diet, but studies have shown that raw milk and unpasteurized milk can be contaminated with pathogens. At the point of sale, strategies have been put in place to reduce the risks of raw milk and its products, including reviewing microbial standards, labeling, and improving milk hygiene. Pre-harvest and post-harvest control measures are also critical for controlling raw milk pathogens. Another critical issue that producers and consumers should pay attention to is FDA membership. Proponents of raw milk are aware of the benefits, but they do not have enough information to support their claims, and given the information available, the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. The authors of many articles that have mentioned the benefits of consuming raw milk do not recommend its consumption due to the risks of contamination by the pathogen. Further scientific studies are needed to evaluate the quality of raw milk, determine the benefits of consuming it, and determine the beneficial factors in milk. Until these studies are performed, a sure way to prevent raw milk-related diseases is not to consume it.

Transfer of immunoglobulin from mother to baby through placenta or colostrum is called passive transfer (PT). The ruminant placenta is a syndesmochorial type and is a barrier against the transfer of maternal immunoglobulins from the blood to the infant. Therefore, in ruminants, the inability to transmit colostrum immunoglobulins is called Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT). This study aimed to determine the percentage of FPT in lambs and kids in Garmsar County and the effect of factors such as race, gender, mother's age, mother's parturition and type of livestock (lamb or kid) on FPT. This study was performed on 101 healthy 2-4 day-old lamb and kid in 10 herds of sheep and goats in Garmsar County. After examination, confirmation of clinical health, sex, age, race, birthday time, number of mothers, parturition, maternal age and newborn weight, 3 ml of sterile blood was obtained from the jugular vein. These samples were immediately referred to the lab in without anticoagulant tube and adjacent to the ice. The biuret method and Zn-sulfate turbidity test were determined on the level of total protein and immunoglobulin G serum. The results of this study revealed 50/50% occurrence of FPT in the lambs and kids understudy, the relationship between race and sex with the incidence of FPT, and the lack of relation between maternal age, mother's parturition and type of livestock with the incidence of FPT.

The ruminants newborn is susceptible to neonatal infections due to the immature immune system. Antioxidants can enhance the function of the immune system cells. Levamisole is an antioxidant that has been proposed as an immune system stimulator in ruminants infant.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding levamisole powder to colostrum on plasma oxidant-antioxidant balance in newborn kids.This study was performed on 18 male and female mixed breed newborn kids (average weight 3 kg). The kids were divided into 3 equal groups. Each group received one of the three oral treatments Includes; 30 ml saline, 400 IU vitamin E and 7 mg/kg of levamisole powder, per each of the three colostrum meals during the first 24 hours of life. At 0, 60, 150, 300, 720, 1080 and 1440 minutes after starting treatment, the plasma samples were taken from the kids and the amount of total antioxidant and total oxidant capacity of the plasma and its oxidative stress index were determined. Treatment with vitamin E and levamisole compared to negative control treatment caused a significant increase of the oxidant-antioxidant balance of the plasma towards the antioxidant. This study showed that levamisole has an antioxidant effect in the plasma of newborn goat kids.

Heat treatment of colostrum has been suggested as a control measure to eliminate or reduce the transfer of colostrum-borne pathogens to dairy calves. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of on-farm heat treatment of bovine colostrum on colostral bacterial counts and IgG concentration and evaluation of passive transfer of immunity in neonatal dairy calves. Ninety-six L of first milking colostrum was collected from Holstein cows and pooled to create a uniform batch. Twenty-four calves were enrolled in 4 treatment groups before suckling occurred and fed raw colostrum (n=6), heat-treated colostrum at 60 ºC for 30 min (n=6), heat-treated colostrum at 60 ºC for 60 min (n=6) and heat-treated colostrum at 60 ºC for 90 min (n=6). Colostrum samples were collected before and after heat treatment and cultured for total bacterial count and analyzed for total IgG concentration. For the first and second feeding 2 L of colostrum was bottle fed by 2 and 12 h of age respectively. Serum samples were collected from calves at 0 h (precolostrum) and 6, 24, 48, 72 h (postcolostrum) and analyzed for serum total protein and IgG concentrations. Heat treatment of colostrum at 60 ºC for 30 and 60 min reduced total bacterial count, yet maintained colostrul IgG concentration compared to the control. There was no difference between treatment groups when examining serum total protein and IgG concentrations, but apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was significantly greater at 6 h in calves that were fed heat-treated colostrum compared to calves fed raw colostrum. There was no effect of on-farm batch heat treatment of colostrum at 60 ºC till 90 min on serum concentration of IgG.

In cattle, small quantity of immunoglobulins is transferred to fetus through the placenta, so their transfer from colostrum is very important. Failure of passive immunity transfer is one of the main factors causing the susceptibility of newborn calves to various diseases, especially diarrhoea. However, due to the presence of some pathogens, especially bacteria in colostrum, some researchers recommend the use of heated colostrum. The reduction of pathogenic bacteria in heated colostrum may increase immunoglobulins absorption. However, some evidence indicate that immunoglobulin absorption was reduced after heating colostrum. The aim of this study was to compare serumic levels of albumin, total protein, and total globulin in the blood of newborn calves, before and after feeding of heated colostrum at 63˚C for 30 minutes. For this purpose, 28 newborn calves were divided into two groups of control and treatment. Two liters of heated colostrum was fed to the treatment group twice a day and the same amount of normal colostrum was given to the control group. Blood samples were taken of all calves immediately after birth and 48 hours after that. The results showed a higher concentration of total protein and globulin in the control group in comparison to the treatment group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in albumin concentration.  Lower concentration of total protein and globulin is probably due to   denaturation of globulins.

The immunity and health of newborn calf are related to immunoglobulins uptake from colostrum where treatment of colostrum may improve the uptake. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of controlled heat-treating of colostrum and antibiotic addition on immunoglobulins absorption, performance and health parameters of calf. The colostrum pool was prepared from multiparous dams and was frozen after the treatments. Colostrum was fed immediately after the birth three times a day for 2 days. Twelve newborn Holstein calves were divided into three treatment groups including 1) raw colostrum (control), 2) heat-treated colostrum, and 3) colostrum with oxytetracyclin in a completely randomized design. Blood samples were obtained in days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 via jugular vein. Health score and fecal point were determined daily. Results showed that heat-treating of colostrum increased immunoglobulins uptake and their apparent efficiency of absorption (p<0.01), where a 24% increase in blood immunoglobulins concentrations and a 15% in their apparent efficiency of absorption were observed by heating the colostrum compared with control group and a lower increase was observed compared with antibiotic group. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, weaning time and weight as well as the amount and time of beginning starter intake among groups. Feed conversion ratio did not affected by the treatments. There were no significant differences in blood cells counts among groups. Calves fecal point was not affected by the treatments but health score was increased by using heat-treated colostrum where scour incidence was reduced (p<0.05). Results of the study showed that controlled heat-treating of colostrum is an effective and practical method to improve immunoglobulins absorption and reduce scour incidence in calf.

Omeprazole as an inhibitor decreases abomasal acid secretion. On the other hand, acidity would be a determinant for absorption of Immunoglobulins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing abomasal pH due to Omeprazole administration on the rate of intestinal immunoglobulin absorption in newborn lambs. 30 lambs immediately after birth were divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each as follows: Group1; The lambs received colostrum from birth to 84 hours after birth. Group2; The lambs were fed by colostrum + Omeprazole (4mg/Kg) from birth to 84 hours after birth. Group 3; The lambs were given milk for the first 24 hours and after then until hour of 84 by colostrum + Omeprazole. Group 4; The lambs were fed with milk + Omeprazole for the first 24 hours and after then until hour of 84 with colostrum + Omeprazole. Group 5; The lambs received milk for the first 6 hours after birth and after then received colostrums until hour of 84. Group 6; The lambs were fed with milk + Omeprazole in the first 6 hours after birth and after then until hour of 84 by colostrum + Omeprazole. Blood samples were collected at 0,24,48,72 and 96 hours after birth. The total IgG was measured by ELISA method. Serum IgG levels in group 4 showed significant decrease when compared with the control (group 3). However, no significant difference was shown in the serum IgG levels among groups. The results of this study showed that after birth increase in abomasal pH do not make effect on IgG absorption.

Newborn calves, due to not receiving immunoglobulin from the mother in uterus, are agammaglobulinemic and gain immunity immediately after birth through colostrum intake. Whereas 24 hours after birth, abomasum produces more acid, the probability of colostrum globulin destruction increases. Blocking acid secretion through proton pump inhibitors might prevent colostrum immunoglobulin destruction. To study this issue 15 newly-born male Holstein calves were studied in five three-member groups, 3 being control groups and 2 were experimental groups. The calves under study were fed colostrum and milk at zero, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 hours after birth using esophageal tube as follows: Control groups: Acalves were fed with milk for 24 hours after birth then with colostrum for 72 hours after birth; B- calves were fed with milk for 48 hours after birth and then with colostrum up to 72 hours after birth; C- calves were fed with colostrum up to 72 hours after birth. Experimental groups: A- omeprazole was given orally each 24 hours (8 mg/kg) and the calves were fed with milk for 24 hours after birth and then colostrum up to 72 hours after birth. B- omeprazole was given orally each 24 hours (8 mg/kg) and the calves were fed with milk for 48 hours after birth and then with colostrum up to 72 hours after birth. Immunoglobulins G, M and A in serums were measured using ELISA. There was a significant difference between the serum IgG in subgroup C on the control group with other subgroups but no effect of omeprazole on IgG absorption was noticed. With regarded to the IgM, it was abserved that there was a significant difference between subgroup C of the control group with other groups, except subgroup A of the control group and subgroup A of the omeprazole group. omeprazole drug had no effect on IgM absorption. There was a significant difference between the serum IgA of subgroup C of the control group with other subgroups. Omeprazole not only did not increase IgA absorption but also a reduction in absorption of IgA in the subgroup A of the treatment was noticed. The results showed that omeprazole did not markedly influence the efficiency of Igs absorption.

The amount of antibodies produced in colostrum following injection of the trivalent Rota-corona virus and E. coli vaccine was evaluated to undrestand the priventive effects of vaccine against calf diarrhea. Forthy six and 27 pregnant cows were selected from industrial dairy herds as a treatment and control groups، respectively in Urmia Iran. A 5 ml trivalent Rota-corona virus and E. coli vaccine was injected subcutaneousely in over 7 months pregnant treatment group. After parturition a 50 ml colostrum from both groups was colleced and evaluated for antibodies using competetive ELISA method and commercial kits of Rota، corona virus and E. coli Of 46 vaccinated cows، antibodies in colostrum againt E. coli، Rota and corona virus were detected in 71. 7%، 100% and 100% and in control group were 14. 8%، 100% and 100%، respectively. The percentages of cows with +2 positive to antibodies produced in treatment group were 60. 9%، 93. 5% and 73. 9%، respectively. The highest and lowest inhibition rate in vaccinated cows for E. coli antibodies were 85% and 1%، rotavirus were 59% and 20% and corona virus were 61% and 20%، respecrively. Chi-Square tests showed significant differeces (P<0. 05) between vaccinated and control groups for E. coli antibodies (X=8. 31، P<0. 05)، cows with +2 positive antibodies produced for E. coli and control group (X=11. 7، P<0. 05)، cows with positive and negative to antibody produced for E. coli in control group (X=9. 4، P<0. 05) and cows with negative to antibodies produced and control group (X=7، P<0. 05). There were no significant differences between vaccinated group with rota and corona virus and control group. A 2. 2% of calves in treatment group and 7. 5% in control group were appeared diarrhea in which the differences was not significant. Thus، it is concluded that antibodies produced by the injection of E. coli vaccine in pregnant cows was significantly different from control group، while not for rota and corona virus vaccine. It seems that using monovalent E. coli vaccine is more reliable، economics and practicible in the prevention of calf diarrhea than polyvalent vaccine E. coli، rota and corona virus.

In this study, the effect of chamomile extract on the ability of neonatal calves to absorb immunoglobulin G (IgG) was evaluated. An ethanolic extract of chamomile was obtained with the concentration of 111 mg/ml. Calves were randomly divided into four groups, each receiving one of four chamomile treatments; 1: low dose (LC; 5.5 mg/kg body weight; 2: moderate dose (MC; 11 mg/kg); 3: high dose (HC; 22 mg/kg); 4: a control (CO; normal saline). Chamomile extract was injected intravenously into the jugular vein 1 h after birth and before colostrum intake. There was no significant difference in concentration of serum IgG between LC and CO calves (P = 0.792). MC calves had a significantly higher serum IgG concentration at 48 h compared with LC and CO calves (P = 0.002, P = 0.003, respectively). There was no statistical difference between MC and HC calves at 48 h (P = 0.264). These results show that chamomile extract could promote colostral IgG absorption in neonatal calves if a suitable dose is given immediately after birth.

The ingestion and absorption of colostral immunoglobulins are essential for improving immunity of calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of Vitamin E on IgG absorption from colostrum by newborn calves. The same amount and quality of colostrum with or without Vitamin E addition was fed to paired calves (n = 12) once at birth. Blood samples were collected three-times at 0, 12 and 24 hours after birth from each group. Plasma was obtained and analyzed with HPLC and ELISA for Vitamin E and IgG concentration, respectively. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations of calves supplemented with vitamin E were significantly higher than the control calves. Feeding of colostrum containing 1000 IU Vitamin E insignifacantly increased IgG amount in the these of plasma of calves 24 h after birth. This study revealed that Vitamin E supplementation to colostrum did not increase IgG amount in blood plasma, Howevere was found that there was no conflict between Vitamin E supplementation and IgG absorption in newborn calves.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is an important mycotoxin frequently found in milk and dairy products. Dairy products and colostrum may be contaminated by aflatoxin M1 when dairy cattle have fed with aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds. This study was undertaken in a dairy farm around Tehran province to determine the presence and level of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in spray dried and lyophilized colostrum samples. In this study, 25 spray dried and lyophilized colostrum samples were analyzed using competitive ELISA for determining the presence and levels of AFM1. AFM1 was found in 76% of the colostrum samples. The range of contamination level was 16 ng/l to 1176 ng/l, (mean value was 213.37 ng /l). Ninety two percent of the contaminated samples exceeded the maximum acceptable levels (50 ng/l, EU standard) and 8% exceeded 500 ng/l. Due to human health hazard and high occurrence of AFM1 in colostrum samples, monitoring programs should be more extensive and frequent in Iran.