جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "جنین" در نشریات گروه "دامپزشکی"

Environmental pollution, especially oil and gas pollutants, has devastating effects on maternal and fetal health. In this study, the direct effects of petroleum gases on the development and function of the immune system during prenatal and neonatal periods in rats were investigated. Pregnant rats (N=36) were divided into two groups: one exposed to pollutants and one serving as the control group. The group of pollutants was exposed to oil vapors in the vivarium compartment for 5 hours per day starting from the first day of pregnancy. Fetal spleen samples were taken on day 20 of embryonic life to investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon beta-1 (IFN-β1), alpha lymphotoxin (LT-α), and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) genes. The total serum immunoglobulins and antibody titer to sheep red blood cells were evaluated when the neonates were 45 days old. Innate immune responses were investigated in terms of serum bactericidal, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, anti-protease, and complement activity. The expression of the mentioned genes in newborns was also evaluated at the ages of 15 and 30 days compared to the control group. The results indicated a significant decrease in the activity of lysozyme, complement, and myeloperoxidase, as well as a non-significant reduction in the serum bactericidal activity and humoral immune response of the pollutant group compared to the control group. The expression levels of LT-α and IFN-β1 were reduced, while the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 were elevated in the embryos exposed to pollutants. An age-related increase in TNF-α and TGF-β1 was observed in the offspring of the pollutant group. In conclusion, petroleum vapors have been shown to have a destructive and significant effect on the innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses of fetuses and neonates. The mechanisms involved in these destructive effects can be investigated in future studies.

This study aimed to evaluate the sizes and dimensions of fetuses and uteruses in under-four-month pregnant river buffalos through ultrasonography by determining their standard values. For the ultrasonographic evaluation of uteruses in under-four-month gravid cows, 24 uteruses of eight age groups were collected from a slaughterhouse and then transported to a laboratory. Each uterus was placed inside a 40-liter water bowl (water bath) and then examined with probes of 6.5 and 8 MHz. The fetal eyeball diameter, skull diameter, lateral and dorsal cotyledon diameters were reported 0.55±0.30 cm, 1.25±0.50 cm, 1.50±1.33 cm, and 1.00±1.10 cm, respectively, in a 47.79±3.41-day-old fetus. The fetal eyeball diameter, skull diameter, lateral and dorsal cotyledon diameters were reported 0.65±0.12 cm, 2.35±1.20 cm, 2.30±1.21 cm, and 2.50±0.65 cm, respectively, in a 76.34±3.4-day-old fetus. The fetal eyeball diameter, skull diameter, lateral and dorsal cotyledon diameters were reported 1.60±0.12 cm, 4.50±1.80 cm, 3.08±0.50 cm, and 3.03±0.75 cm, respectively, in a 105.7±3.2-day-old fetus.  In general, the research results indicated the critical role of ultrasonography as an early diagnostic method for determining the sizes and dimensions of fetuses and uteruses in under-four-month pregnant river buffalos and obtaining their standard values.

The effect of nanoherbal substances in the treatment of infectious diseases before mating or during pregnancy must be evaluated. Saponin has adverse effects on a pregnant mother and her fetal through complex mechanisms.

This study aims to investigate the toxic effects of saponin encapsulated by ferritin nanoparticles (Nanosaponin) on fetal lung development in female mice with Streptococcus pneumonia.

Extraction of crude saponin from licorice roots was done by the powder heating and using 20 % ethanol and diethyl ether. Then, n-butanol and 5 % sodium chloride solution were added to the aqueous layer. The mice were divided into five groups of 10 including control, pneumonia, pneumonia treated with ferritin, pneumonia treated with saponin, and pneumonia treated with nanosaponin. Then, two groups of untreated pregnant pneumonia and pregnant pneumonia treated with nanosaponin were separated. In this study, tumor necrosis factor alpha (IFN-γ), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), Methyl-CpG binding domain 2 (MBD-2), and kruppel like factor 2 (KLF-2) genes were evaluated in the maternal lungs, and TNF-α level was evaluated using ELISA method in the fetal lungs. Maternal tissue, uterus tissue, and fetal lung were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and maternal body tissue was examined by trichromason staining and Oxidative stress parameters were investigated.

Nano saponin decreased the expression of IFN-γ (P<0.05) (P<0.01), MBD-2 (P<0.05) and HB-EGF  genes, KLF-2 protein level and TNF-α levels in fetal lung.The thickness of uterine myometrium and blood flow of endometrium increased the number of live embryos and the rate of successful pregnancy. In addition, Nano saponin effectively improved the oxidative stress response in the fetus without any harmful effect on the mother's liver tissue.

The nanosaponin has no toxic effects on the sudy organs of the mother and fetus. It has therapeutic effects on the fetal lung development process after the infection of mother with Streptococcus pneumonia.

This study was carried out to investigate the morphology of the oval foramen in the fetal stage of dromedary camel fetuses by routine dissection. The hearts were obtained from 21 fetuses that were collected from Yazd slaughter house of Iran. The Crown Vertebral Rump Length (CVRL) of fetuses were from 10.1 to 85 cm and estimated gestational age calculated from 81.9 to 270 days old. The results showed that anatomical structures of oval foramen in fetal camels concluded of septum primum (valve of oval foramen), foramen secundum, septum secundum and a large passageway called oval foramen (foramen ovale). The septum primum was a flat, long thin, white color and unfenestrated membrane (fold) in all fetuses. The thin fold was in the lower portion of formen secundum and constituted about %75 to %100 of the lumen of the oval foramen in the small to large fetuses, respectively. So, it constituted a large proportion of lumen and was large enough to cover the opening of oval foramen, specialy in large fetuses. The septum secundum was a thick, short and crescent-shaped fold above of ovale foramen. The oval foramen showed like an oval passage way between free border and arms of septum secundum. It was concluded that despite of size of heart and oval foramen, all structural arrangements of heart oval foramen in fetus of camel are similar to reports about other mammals and human.

The development of an ovine in vitro embryo production system where individual embryos could be followed through to the blastocyst stage would be of interest to several fields of study and would allow us to characterize developmentally competent embryos through non-invasive analysis of the metabolite constituents of their corresponding culture media. The present study was designed to establish an individual ovine embryo culture system, with embryo development rates similar to that observed under grouped culture conditions. After IVM and IVF, presumptive zygotes were cultured in groups or individually, either in 20 and 10 microliter drops. Cleavage and blastocyst rates at days 3, 6 and 7 were evaluated. Moreover, the effect of 5 or 10 percent fetal calf serum added to individual culture at day 3, were evaluated. No refreshing was made. Cleavage rate, total blastocyst, early, expanded and hatched blastocyst were similar for all treatments at day 6. Total blastocyst rates at day 7 was lower in group culture than that of individually cultured and in another experiment, total blastocyst and early blastocyst rate was different at day 7 post-cultured. The results of this study show clearly that a large proportion of ovine zygotes can develop to the blastocyst stage when cultured individually, adding 10 percent fetal calf serum at day 3 and without refreshing.

The histogenetic study is a useful and practical laboratory method for obtaining basic and effective information in order to reveal the process of histogenesis and development of organs in different stages during the embryonic period. This applied method helps us to understand the formation time of each organ and its tissue structure.

The aim of the present study was to study the histogenesis and histochemistry of the pheasant liver during the embryonic period.

Sixty fertile eggs were placed in the incubator and sampling was performed from day 5 to the end of incubation period. The liver samples were fixed in 10% Buffered Formalin and the slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson Trichrome (MT).

In this study, liver parenchyma, changes in the hepatocytes and their glycogen storage, as well as the appearance time of canaliculi, biliary ducts, central veins and port spaces were investigated.

Differences in the time of the formation of the organs and structures in various birds relate to different incubation period or species variations. In this research, as the first study on the liver histogenesis of the pheasant, the formation of this organ from the fifth day to the end of the fetal period was examined and it was observed that the evolution and tissue development of the liver is completed until the eighteenth day of incubation period.

The histogenetic study is a useful and practical laboratory method for obtaining basic and effective information in order to reveal the process of histogenesis and development of organs in different stages during the embryonic period. This applied method helps us to understand the formation time of each organ and its tissue structure.

The aim of the present study was to study the histogenesis and histochemistry of the pheasant liver during the embryonic period.

Sixty fertile eggs were placed in the incubator and sampling was performed from day 5 to the end of incubation period. The liver samples were fixed in 10% Buffered Formalin and the slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson Trichrome (MT).

In this study, liver parenchyma, changes in the hepatocytes and their glycogen storage, as well as the appearance time of canaliculi, biliary ducts, central veins and port spaces were investigated.

Differences in the time of the formation of the organs and structures in various birds relate to different incubation period or species variations. In this research, as the first study on the liver histogenesis of the pheasant, the formation of this organ from the fifth day to the end of the fetal period was examined and it was observed that the evolution and tissue development of the liver is completed until the eighteenth day of incubation period.

Our knowledge about the development and growth of fungiform papillae in camelus dromedarius fetuses is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, histological development of fungiform papillae and its taste buds were studied.  In this study a total of 25fetuses of the camelus dromedarius were used.fetuses were divided into five groups with an approximate age of 7-6 weeks, 11 weeks, 12-13 weeks, 15-16 weeks, and 18-17 weeks. For histological studies, after fixation  and passage,all samples  were stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining method and selected sections were photographed with Light Microscope. Evidence of Thickening of the epithelium in to 4-6 layer was observed as early as 6-7 week. In fetuses of about 11week, elemental patterns of fungiform papillae and muscle cells emerged. In 12-13 week old fetuses, connective tissue and lamina propria underlying them with blood vessels was evident , which is a sign of papillary differentiation. Further differentiation of the epithelium  continued in fetuses of about 15-16 week, where early rudiments of taste buds was observed. in 17-18 week old fetuses, taste buds were developed well and taste buds cell were recognizable. Findings of this study showed that the stages of fungiform papillae differentiation in a camelusdromedarius fetus were started in a 6 to 18 weeks during prenatal period which begins with increasing thickening of the epithelium of the tongue and then the connective tissue and blood vessels developed. Finally, the differentiation of the taste buds cells on fungiform papillae was investigated.

Due to the importance of immune system and important roles of lymph nodes against pathogens and with regard to there were not any study about anatomy of lymph nodes in sheep fetuses, this research was conducted to study macroscopic developmental growth of lymph nodes in fetal period. Also, anatomical specifications and estimating time of formation of some important lymph nodes evaluated. For this purpose, sixty sheep fetuses collected from slaughterhouse of Ahvaz, after fixation in 10% formalin solution and sex determination, were divided into to four groups according to CRL. Mandibular, superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinal, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes from five lymphocenters included head, neck, thorax, abdominal viscera and pelvic limb was evaluated, respectively. In each sample, appearance formation of nodes was studied and in the case of formation, gross shape, location, and their number were checked. Minimum and maximum of fetuses CRL were detected 3.5 and 48.5 cm(43 to 138 days old). In 32 male and 28 female studied fetuses, Sexuality had no effect on checked parameters. Unusual observations were not recorded in location of the nodes. Study of the lymph nodes in sheep fetuses showed that before 59 days old, all lymph nodes were not been visible macroscopically and before 45 days old, none of lymph nodes were macroscopic developed.

The middle ear ossicles have a fundamental role in the transmission of sound to the inner ear and therefore it will lead to sound understanding. There is no anatomical and morphometrical research performed on this organ in 91 to 117-day-old Makouei sheep fetuses. Morphological and morphometrical study of middle ear ossicles in Makouei sheep fetuses. For this study 8 sheep fetuses at the age of 91 to 117 days were collected from Urmia slaughter-house, then the heads were cut and the middle ear ossicles were obtained from the tympanic bulla and each of the ossicles were assessed anatomically by means of stereomicroscope.Then factors such as shape, dimensions and processes of each of the ossicles were measured. Anatomical results showed that the tympanic cavity contains three middle ear ossicles; respectively Malleus, Incus and Stapes. Rostral process of malleus wasn’t found but in the same place, there was a osseous lamina between the head and muscular process of the malleus that continues to the tympanic ring. Lenticular bone and muscular process of incus weren’t found. There was a distinctive surface at the junction of the head and caudal crus of stapes for the stapedius muscle insertion. In this study, anatomical findinges of ossicles are similar to the other animals but there are some differences in these fetuses that can be useful for study of evolution and creation process and diagnosis of anomalies. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test were used, and the value of P<0.05 was considered as the criterion for statistical significance.

Liver is the largest gland of body and its size reflects the multiplicity of its function such as bile secretion , storage of glycogen and hematopoiesis in embryonic life. In fetus, the liver occupies a considerable portion of the abdominal cavity. Gall bladder is the pear–shaped structure which lies on the visceral surface of the liver. Since there is no macroscopic study on morphology and morphometry of the liver and gall bladder in sheep fetus, this study was performed to determine morphologic, morphometric and topographic specifications of liver and gall bladder in sheep fetuses with different ages. To this object, 60 sheep fetuses were collected from slaughterhouse and fixed in 10% formalin solution and divided into four groups according to their crown-rump length (CRL). Minimum and maximum fetal CRL were 3.5 and 48.5 cm. After determining of fetal body weight and their sexuality, abdominal cavity was opened. Then the liver was removed from abdominal cavity and fetal morphologic and morphometric specifications were studied. Results showed that lobation of liver and presence of gall bladder were detectable from the 53 day-old fetus and gall bllader was descended from ventral border of liver in the fetus with age of 88 days. Topogaraphic position of liver included less intercostal spaces with increase in fetal age. In morphometric study, the left lobe had the maximum length in milimeter in the first (28.84± 7.6)and second (40.6 ± 8.27) groups and the right lobe had the maximum length in the third(46.8 ± 7.88) and fourth (52.46 ± 9.66) groups. In all groups maximum width and thickness was seen in the left lobe. Also, there was a direct correlation between fetal age and liver weight, length, width and thickness, so that anatomical specifications of the liver increased with age.

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of histopathologic lesions of thyroid gland and respective thyroid hormones changes in ewes and their fetuses in hot and cold seasons at the Ahvaz abattoir. The blood and thyroid samples were taken from 29 pregnant ewes and their fetuses at the end of cold season (March) and 25 ewes and their fetuses at the end of hot season (September - October). Tissue samples were subjected to histopathological examination and ELISA procedure was used for detection of T3 and T4 levels. The results showed high prevalence of thyroid lesions in ewes and their fetuses. The observed histopathological lesions included parenchymal cyst, follicular hyperplasia, follicular degeneration, hemorrhagia, inflammation and colloid goiter in the ewes, and parenchymal cyst, hyperemia and follicular degeneration in the fetuses. The hot and cold seasons had not any effect on thyroid lesions in ewes and their fetuses. There was no difference of T3 and T4 in ewes and their fetuses between hot and cold seasons. Also, the results showed that the thyroid lesions had no effect on ewes T3 and T4 levels, but significant increase in the serum concentration of these hormones was noticed in the fetuses with thyroid lesions.

Sheep as an experimental animal has been used in many veterinary researches. Although heart has been consistently considered as one of the most sensitive organs in medical basic science researches, there was not any available report about embryology and macroscopic developmental growth in sheep heart. Therefore, this study was done to investigate morphology and morphometry of sheep heart in fetal period. In present study, 41 sheep fetuses were collected from slaughterhouses and fixed in 10% formalin solution. These fetuses were divided into 3 groups according to their crown – rump – length. First group has CRL≤15 cm, second group has CRL: more than 15 cm and less than 30 cm and the last group has CRL≥30 cm. Fetal CRL were 6 to 40 cm, approximately resulting in ages from 48 days to 120 days. Morphometrical parameters of the fetal heart include: heart weight, long and short diameters of the heart, circumference of the heart, cranial and caudal borders, length of right and left ventricles, thickness of right and left ventricles wall and interventricular septum of the heartwere measured. The results showed that the body weight process and increasing of the mentioned parameters followed by fetus aging. Also, there was not significant difference between both sexes. The chart of their process showed an ascending increase from 99 days onwards and their growth rate was higher from these days. From the morphological standpoint, the fetal heart showed sharp apex and had right and left atriums, right and left ventricles and coronary groove. The study of internal surface of the hearts showed some small tendons in the ventricles. They did not have any links between papillary muscles and valve cusps in the ventricles chambers. They called small moderate bands. The results showed that concomitant with general developmental growth of fetal sheep body like weight and length, also the fetal heart showed increasingly growth in all dimentions.

This study was conducted to reveal the estrogenic effects of bisphenol A and o، p’-DDT on quail embryos. Thirteen fertilized eggs were used as control (injected with 20 μl corn oil)، 15 eggs were injected with estradiol 17β (0. 04 mg dissolved in 20 μl corn oil)، 20 eggs were injected with BPA (2 mg dissolved in 20 μl corn oil) and 20 eggs were injected with o، p’-DDT (2 mg dissolved in 20 μl corn oil) at day 13 of incubation. Two days later the livers of the embryos were collected. The DNA was extracted from the liver for molecular sexing، while total RNA was extracted for vitellogenin II (VTGII) mRNA expression in embryos. In female embryos، BPA and o، p’-DDT induced variable levels of VTGII mRNA expression، while in male embryos، o، p’-DDT induced a slightly VTGII mRNA expression. In contrast، there was no expression of VTGII after BPA injection. In conclusion، the estrogenicity of BPA was lower than o، p’-DDT and both of them were lower than the estradiol 17β.

Anatomical and histomorphometrical study of sheep’s thymus was conducted by 75 apparently healthy fetuses that collected from Urmia’s industrial slaughterhouse. After anatomical study، the samples were fixed in 10% formal saline، passaged and histological paraffin sections prepared in 5-7 µm in thickness، and by H&E method stained. Histomorphometrical study performed by graded and latticed lens devises. Results of anatomical study showed that thymus begin to develop from cranial part of pericardium in the left side of cranial mediastinum and the ventral surface of neck، and it extend to ⅓ caudal part of neck، then it bifurcate to right and left sides and gain to the pharynx. Histomrphometrical study showed that، mean thickness of thymic lobules in thoracic part at 2nd month of fetal period، significantly was greater than the neck part، whereas، in 2nd half of 4th month in neck part it showed significantly increase (P<0. 05). Mean thickness of cortex and medullae of lobules، from 2nd month until 2nd half of 3rd month in thoracic part was greater، but after that time، until 5th month it was significantly greater in neck part (P<0. 05). Mean thickness of trabeculae decrease as fetus developing. Mean distribution of Hasal’s corpuscles from 3rd month until 5th month were increased، but، mean thickness of these corpuscles were increased until 4th month. This study showed that mean thickness of cortex and medullae of lobules were not significantly different in all fetal periods.

Unwanted pregnancy termination is a big issue for dog owners.

In this study we attempted to reduce the number of fetuses in pregnant bitches through ultrasound-guided induced fetal death.

The study was performed on 6 privately owned crossbred pregnant bitches, in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, with variable number of fetuses (n=2 to 8). Fetal death was induced by transabdominal injection of potassium chloride (KCl) into the fetal cardiac chamber under ultrasonographic guidance.

While selective fetal reduction was successfully achieved in 4 bitches (66.6%) 2 bitches showed complete pregnancy termination.

Data presented in this research provide evidence for possible use of this technique in order to selectively reduce the number of fetuses without whole pregnancy termination in the bitch. Ultrasound-guided induced fetal death seems to be a safe procedure and a viable method for reducing the number of fetuses with no side effect in the bitch.