Effect of Elettaria cardamomum, Maton seed methanolic extract on fear behavior on adult male rat

Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue with rich networks of blood vessels and nerves. Bone is constantly being torn down and replaced in a remodeling process. Nutrition also plays an important role in bone health and strong bones need an appropriate diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of selective nutrients such as calcium, (Ca) vitamin D, Boron, (B) and fluoride, (F) on mechanical strength of bone tissue in rat. Thirty-one adult Albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups as below: group 1 (control), group 2 (F), group 3 (F+B), group 4 (F+Ca+D), group 5 (F+B+Ca+D). The animals were given free access to food for 8 weeks: experimental groups received a daily dose of 1mg boron, 55 IU vitamin D, 210 mg calcium and/or 0.7 mg fluoride according to their grouping category. Mechanical strength of femoral neck bending test and mechanical strength of the fifth lumbar vertebra with a axial compression test was evaluated in different groups. The data of all groups were analyzed by nonparametric tests. Our results showed significant differences in the mean stiffness of neck of femur in group F+B in comparison to the control group, group F and group F+B+Ca+D. Mean value of Fmax in group F+B and group F+B+Ca+D compared to control group was significantly increased. Mean deformation to Fmax of fifth lumbar vertebrae in all groups particularly in group F+B+Ca+D significantly increased when compared to control group. Significant difference was detected in this parameter between group F, group F+B and group F+Ca+D. Fluoride and boron have more positive effects on bone strength and stiffness than calcium and vitamin D.