فهرست مطالب mohammad hossein asadi

 Non-ionizing electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure therapies are non-invasive and safe treatment options that can potentially change available treatments. In this review, we examined the applications of such therapies in dental implant surgery by conducting a systematic review.

A comprehensive search of several international electronic databases was conducted from inception to December 14, 2022. This review included interventional studies that evaluated the advantages of adjunctive magnetic or combined EMFs on dental implants compared to conventional treatments.

 From a total of 1695 studies, 12 preclinical and clinical studies were selected, discussing EMF-based treatments for enhancing implant stability, osteogenesis, and osseointegration, as well as alleviating post-implant surgery manifestations. Almost all studies on maxillary and mandibular implant stability showed beneficial effects of non-ionizing EMF in humans. Most studies evaluating osteogenesis and osseointegration indicated that EMF exposure could accelerate bone repair and peri-implant bone formation and increase bone contact ratios, bone volume fraction (bone volume/total volume), trabecular number, and trabecular thickness. Only two clinical studies examined the effect of EMF on pain and swelling after dental implant surgery, with one finding that subjects exposed to EMF used analgesics fewer times and in far lower doses than the control group and the other finding no significant difference in reducing these outcomes between the groups.

 Overall, devices that deliver non-ionizing low-level EMF can be a viable and widely recognized non-invasive adjuvant therapy for attaining success and better outcomes after dental implant surgery due to their efficacy, safety, and short exposure time.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of the structural adjustment policies of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund on social inequality. In this research, after reviewing the theoretical and experimental background of the research, the dimensions of the main variables obtained from the theoretical framework were evaluated using structural equations. The research method is cross-sectional at this time and in the city of Arak, the Delphi method, which was measured with the questionnaire tool in the production units of Arak as the effectiveness measurement unit. The results obtained from the research variable modeling test showed that the privatization variable has 87% on the social rank of social inequality; 75.1 percent on the local mentality of social inequality; 94.7% had an effect on the social capital of social inequality and 77% on the social role of social inequality. The variable of economic liberalization and the creation of a free currency market had a 55.7% effect on the social rank of social inequality, 54.9% on the social capital of social inequality, and 59.4% on the social role of social inequality, but it did not have a significant effect on the positional mentality. The variable of non-payment of subsidies is 54.1% on the social rank of social inequality; 47.6 percent on the local mentality of social inequality; 52.9% had an effect on the social capital of social inequality and 51.2% had an effect on the social role of social inequality.

Nowadays, people are more aware of health, the use of sanitary materials has increased and all kinds of detergents are offered.These chemical cleaners, despite their several benefits, causof damage to humans and the environment.In Iranian medicine, many sages have introduced various detergents with cleansing properties that are less dangerous than chemical detergents.This research aims to introduce effective material medica in maintaining and promoting skin and hair health in Iranian medical books.

The present study has been done by searching in library documents and foreign and domestic databases such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, ISC, magiran, etc.

Ethical Considerations:

In this research, ethical considerations including the authenticity of texts, honestyand trustworthiness have been observed.

Iranian sages have not only introduced various material medica, but also discussed their properties in cleansing, maintaining healthand preventing and treating skin and hair diseases.Among these material medica, the properties of plants such as Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Cedrus, Lawsonia inermis (Henna)and Hibiscus and minerals such as Venetian ceruse and Borax have been of great interest.

Natural detergents have many properties including renewable, lower cost, more stabilityand less human and biological toxicity.Therefore, it is suggested to introduce them through clinical trials and prove these benefits.By informing people about their use, we can reduce the human and biological harms resulting from the production and use of chemical detergents.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes vascular wall damage and poor wound healing due to the excessive accumulation of glucose. Various investigations have been performed on increasing the diabetic wound healing rate. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ammonia single-cell eukaryote extract in Zinex ointment compared to silver sulfadiazine ointment on increasing the diabetic wound closure rate.

This study was performed on 54 BALB/c transgenic mice. For type 2 diabetes induction, the animals were fed a high-fat diet for two weeks and followed by a single dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg) injection intraperitoneally. The excisional wound was created using the excisional wound splinting model and a biopsy punch. For diabetic wound treatment, 10% Ammonia extract in Zinex ointment and 1% silver sulfadiazine ointment were used every three days. Glucose and insulin serum levels were measured using a glucometer and an ELISA kit, respectively. Histopathological examinations were also performed using H&E methods.

Macroscopic observations indicated an increase in the wound closure rate in the Ammonia extract group compared to the other groups. Also, histopathological results showed a significantly decreased inflammation and increased re-epithelialization in the Ammonia extract treatment group compared to the silver sulfadiazine treatment and control groups. 

The results showed that Ammonia extract in Zinex ointment could improve the closure rate and re-epithelialization in diabetic rat wounds through inflammation reduction.

 Recent studies have shown the positive effectiveness of Afsantin plant in treatment of liver diseases. Therefore, it may be possible to find new ways in treatment of liver diseases by examining how to use this plant based on the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM)

 In this qualitative study, by referring to specialized libraries of TIM books in Iran and using various online resources, the terminology of Afsantin plant was first studied based on TIM. After knowing the different names of this plant, they were searched in various medical books, especially the three famous TIM books of Kitab Al-Hawi, Qanun and Zakhirah-i Khwarazm Shahi. Then, different medical prescriptions related to Afsantin were extracted from these books and different applications of this plant in diseases, especially liver diseases, were recorded and coded in Excel software. Then, articles that reported the medicinal applications of Afsantin plant in treatment of liver diseases were searched in online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MagIran, Irandoc, IranMedex . The collected data were finally analyzed and compared with the data obtained from the TIM books.

 Ancient Iranian physicians had described various types of liver disease in their works. The Afsantin plant been used alone or in combination with other substances in three books (Kitab Al-Hawi, Qanon, and Zakhirah-i Khwarazm Shahi) in 179 prescriptions for treatment of different diseases mostly for liver inflammation (23%), jaundice (20%), ascites (19%), and liver disease (18%). The most common form of administration of this plant was oral form (80%) followed by topical form (20%). In combined forms of use, lavender (30.2%), lemongrass (24.6%), anise (17.3%), Chinese rhubarb (17.3%), rose (16.2%), saffron (15.1%), Maghsoul (14.5%) champignon (14%), and Agrimonia eupatoria extract (14%) had been mostly used along with Afsantin to enhance the therapeutic effect of Afsantin or eliminate its negative effects on the body. The examination of modern medicine articles also revealed the sufficient knowledge of the authors of these books about liver diseases. The results of comparison showed that primary liver diseases such as hepatitis and alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases were in the same category as primary diseases and initiators of liver diseases, i.e. bad mazaj, and ascites was equivalent to cirrhosis plus ascites.

 Considering the frequent use of Afsantin by famous TIM physicians and the consistency of their findings with modern medicine in terms of treating liver diseases, it seems that if the effect of this plant on liver diseases based on TIM be studied more widely and the results of this study be evaluated by the standards of modern medicine, new solutions can be achieved in the treatment of liver diseases.

AMONIA, as a bioadhesive wound healer, is a milky white solid powder. It contains various biomolecules and trace elements. This composition, with numerous physiological properties, was developed as a healer for the skin wounds of livestock. Per the instructions, this composition has a biological basis that causes wound adhesion and healing rate acceleration. In this study, the therapeutic effects of AMONIA on skin injury of male rabbits were evaluated based on microbiological and macroscopic assessments.

This experimental study was conducted on 10 white male rabbits. Following animal anesthesia, 3 skin wounds (1˟1 cm with total dermis excision) were created on the back of each animal (3 incisions for each). The wounds were divided into 3 groups; negative control (no treatment), positive control (phenytoin 1% ointment), and AMONIA (1 gr/1˟1 cm wound). Wound healing rate (the area & percentage of wounds and the time of total regeneration), animal weight, and the level of bacterial growth were assessed in all study groups. The examined animals were treated for 22 consecutive days at 10 AM.

The percentage of wound healing and wound area were significantly (P<0.05) increased and decreased, respectively, in the AMONIA and control groups. Wound healing rate was measured as 15%, 52%, 74%, and 100% in treatment days of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively in the AMONIA group, compared with the control animals. In contrast, no significant (P>0.05) alterations were found between the positive and negative control groups. Furthermore, no complete dermal recovery was found in the control groups until the treatment day of 22. No bacterial growth was detected in wounds treated with AMONIA, besides some infections with positive and negative gram bacteria were detected in both control groups.

AMONIA with inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and regenerative property for dermal layer caused accelerated skin wound regeneration rate in rabbits 2 times faster than the control animals.

 The facial oral pain and symptoms of sinusitis is one of the concerns of patients especially dentists which can be associated with Haller cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Haller cells of an Iranian population and its relationship with inflammatory sinus disease using CBCT images.

 In this descriptive- analytical research (in 2018) samples were selected from all available CBCT images of patients referring to Tabriz school of dentistry. Haller cells cases were selected and the samples were examined for the presence of inflammatory sinus disease in the coronal and axial sections. The data from CBCT images were entered in NNT viewer version 2.17 and the images were reviewed by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists. Then agreement between the two observers was measured by Kappa coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and Chi-Square test and p value < 0.05 was considered.

 For total sinuses, the prevalence of Haller cells was 44.5% and it was 70.3% for chronic sinusitis. Haller cells were 48.4% unilateral and 52.6% bilateral. There was no significant difference in the frequency of Haller cells between men and women. Statistical analysis showed there was significant correlation between Haller cells presence and sinusitis (p value < 0.05).

 According the results of this study, people with Haller cells are more likely to develop inflammatory sinus disease.

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant tumor, and its incidence is on the rise. A survey conducted by the Iranian Cancer Institute showed that thyroid cancer constitutes 1.8% of all cancers and 76.1% of endocrine cancers. A lot of studies are being conducted in order to prevent, alleviate pain, and treat cancer using medicinal herbs. Medicinal herbs are important sources of, and rich in, natural antioxidants. There is lots of evidence that some herbal compounds such as vitamins, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and herbal steroids have anticancer properties and can act as mutagenic inhibitors. In this review article, first, prevalence and characteristics of thyroid cancer will be examined. Then, a variety of compounds contained in the plant extracts, which have anticancer properties, and methods of extracting plant extracts will be investigated. Moreover, a number of studies which investigated the impact of medicinal herbs on the thyroid malignancy will be reviewed.

Takayasu’s arteritis, formerly known as "pulseless disease", is a chronic inflammatory disease which affects the aorta and its main branches. The prevalence of this disease is higher in Asian countries and among young women. Depending on the progress of the disease, the symptoms and prognosis of the disease is different. Herein, we report the case of a 31-year-old woman with Takayasu’s arteritis in the Iranian population. In this case, the size of the aorta and the main branches increased and the large artery walls were thickened. Narrowing of the right and left subclavian artery, carotid artery and left vertebral artery were obvious in these patients. In addition, an anatomic variation was observed in the aortic arch branches. In this patient, the left vertebral artery was branched directly from the aortic arch instead of the left subclavian artery. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, indicating a chronic inflammatory disease, were also observed in this case.

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant tumor, and its incidence is on the rise. A survey conducted by the Iranian Cancer Institute showed that thyroid cancer constitutes 1.8% of all cancers and 76.1% of endocrine cancers. A lot of studies are being conducted in order to prevent, alleviate pain, and treat cancer using medicinal herbs. Medicinal herbs are important sources of, and rich in, natural antioxidants. There is lots of evidence that some herbal compounds such as vitamins, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and herbal steroids have anticancer properties and can act as mutagenic inhibitors. In this review article, first, prevalence and characteristics of thyroid cancer will be examined. Then, a variety of compounds contained in the plant extracts, which have anticancer properties, and methods of extracting plant extracts will be investigated. Moreover, a number of studies which investigated the impact of medicinal herbs on the thyroid malignancy will be reviewed.

Anthropometric studies provide valuable information in different populations. This study was conducted to evaluate the anatomical variations of the normal hip joint among Tehran population, Iran, in comparison with other populations.
This study was carried out on hip joint of 260 patients in all ages and both genders referred to the Department of Radiology at Ebn-e Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran between April 2014 to September 2015. The average age of the patients was 42 years. To perform the anthropometric calculations, a topogram scan and an axial view of the patient’s hip joint were taken using multi-slice CT scan device. Parameters of center edge angle, neck shaft angle, acetabular angle, and acetabular depth were measured in all patients. The patients with center edge angle less than 20 degrees were marked as dysplastic patients and excluded from the study.
The mean center edge angle of the patients was 32 degrees and their mean neck shaft angle was 139.5 degrees. In this study, the mean patients’ acetabular angle and depth was 37.1 degrees and 1.67 cm, respectively. The neck shaft angle in women was 2.5 degrees more than that in men. Other parameters showed no significant differences between men and women.
Comparison of the present results with the findings of other studies indicates differences in some parameters among various populations. The mean neck shaft angle in our study was about 6 to 7 degrees more than that in other populations. The parameters of center edge angle, acetabular angle, and acetabular depth were approximately equal to the results of other studies.

Cerebral ischemia is one of the most common causes of death in human populations in the industrial communities. The need for animal models is inevitable to study the pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral ischemia in human. The current study aimed at evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of different techniques used to create ischemia in previous studies and optimizing the transient focal cerebral ischemia model by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO).
In the current study, 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. The weight of rats in the groups 1 and 2 ranged 250 to 270 g with ischemic induction duration of 60 and 90 minutes, respectively. The weight of rats in the groups 3 and 4 ranged 250 to 310 g with ischemic induction duration of 60 and 90 minutes, respectively. The ischemia was performed by the MCAO method using a special filament. Motor neurological disorders were assessed 24 hours after ischemia. The ischemic area was appeared using Triphenyl-Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining. Histopathological examination of the ischemic area was performed using the Nissl staining.
In a similar duration of ischemia, the ischemic lesion volume was significantly greater in the group with lower weight. The mortality rate was lower in the groups with lower weights compared with other groups.
Based on the results of the present study, it is better to use rats with lower weights to create transient focal cerebral ischemia model using MCAO method.

Segmentation in the Hadith science means as separating one part of a Hadith that is subjected to a particular topic. Sometimes, muaddith or narrator, for various reasons, narrated some riwaya or narration, and point out to the segmentation with a series of specific terms. Recognizing the terms of segmentation leads to reducing the damage caused in Hadith, and will guide the audience of Hadith to the original source. Although these terms have not substantial number in narrative sources, but they show only part of the segmented Hadiths to researcher. The purpose of this article is the statistical analysis for segmentation of Hadiths in a vocabulary method. This study tries to refereeing straight to the narrative books, provide a historical picture of the narrators function in segmentation. Innovation of this paper is to provide a regular historical course for segmentation at different periods for Shia Hadith, and structure of the paper is divided based on the use of segmentation in four periods.

In adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells are isolated from both the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone. This study aimed to isolate neural stem cells from adult rat subventricular zone and differentiate them into neurons and astrocytes.
In this study, the whole brain was removed after full anesthesia and creating cervical dislocation. Under a microscope, subventricular zone was dissected by a coronal incision in optic chiasm zone. Enzymatic digestion was performed using trypsin-EDTA. The isolated cells were cultured in serum free DMEM/F12 medium, containing bFGF (basic Fibroblast Growth Factor) and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) growth factors.
Neurospheres were observed five days after culturing. Immunocytochemistry was used to investigate nestin gene expression and identify neural stem cells. Neural stem cells were differentiated in poly-L-lysine coated plates in the absence of growth factors. The expression of GFAP, β tubulin III, and nestin genes were analyzed by RT-PCR. The results of immunocytochemistry confirmed nestin gene expression in the neural stem cells. Phenotype of neurons and astrocytes were observed 5 days after cell culture in differentiation medium. RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of GFAP and β tubulin III genes.
The results of this research show that only one rat brain is needed for neural stem cells isolation and differentiation to neurons and astrocytes.

Human umbilical cord matrix (hUCM) is considered as a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to several advantages over other tissues. The potential of neural differentiation of hUCM-MSCs is of great interest in the context of treating neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to establish in vitro conditions for improving the differentiation of hUCM-MSCs toward neuronal cells. In the present study, we evaluated the neural differentiation potential of hUCM-MSCs in the presence of cAMP-elevating agents forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). hUCM-MSCs were isolated from fetal umbilical cord and characterized by flow cytometry analysis for mesenchymal specific markers. Mesodermal differentiation potential was assessed through selective media with lineage-specific induction factors. For assessment of neural differentiation, cells were cultured in the presence of cAMP-elevating agents for 8 and 24 h. The neuronal differentiated MSCs were characterized for neuronal specific markers by immunocytochemistry and western blotting. Isolated hUCM-MSCs were found positive for mesenchymal markers (CD73, CD90, and CD105) while negative for hematopoietic markers (CD34 and CD45) .Following neural induction, most cells represented neural-like cells morphology. Neural markers including β-tubulin III (Tuj-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and nestin were expressed in treated cells with respect to control group. The astrocyte specific marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was also shown by immunofluorescence in treated cells. (These findings demonstrate that hUCM-MSCs have the ability to rapidly differentiate into neural cell types of neuron-like cells and astrocytes by cAMP-elevating agents without the presence of growth factors.

Plastination is a unique technique for preservation of biological specimens used for teaching purposes. The protocol of flexible sheet plastination includes fixation, slicing, dehydration, force impregnation, casting, and curing (Hajian, Rabiei, Fatollahpour & Esfandiary, 2008). The procedure is done by using P87 flexible unsaturated polyester resin and provides heavy, gross, fragile, and bubbling plastinated sheets.
In this study, synthetic resin (P89) in the plastination laboratory at Isfahan Medical School is utilized with a new method for plastination of 3-mm human’s brain slices without casting stage. Also, common plastination method with the use of P87 flexible resin was used and the products were evaluated and compared in the laboratory with new method products. This method is also compared with specimens made by P35 resin sandwich method.
This study was carried out on 3 human brains. Initially, according to the conventional methods, the brains were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, cut sagitally, coronally, and horizontally into 3-mm thickness slices by meat slicer, and then dehydrated in cold acetone (-25°C) and immersed in P89 unsaturated polyester resin at 25°C. Finally, the specimens were taken out from vacuum chamber and exposed to room temperature. When both surfaces of specimens became dry, they were taken to P89 polyester resin pail again. We repeated this stage 10 times.
P35 specimens had high tensile strength compared to P89 specimens. Also P89 specimens had high bending capability compared to P35 specimens made by sandwich method. Likewise, P89 specimens were lighter compared to P35 specimens. In the naked survey of specimens, P35 specimens with white spot in the tissue indicate discoloration for plastination of brain specimens without casting stage.
Our study showed that P89 technique is a cheap, quick, and less expensive method for producing sheet plastinated specimens which are suitable in teaching neuroanatomy.

The branch anatomy of the aortic arch varies widely between individuals. These are likely due to alterations in the development of aortic arch arteries during the embryonic period. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of the aortic arch branch variations in the local population and provide useful data to intervention radiologists, neck and thoracic surgeons. In this study, branching pattern of the aortic arch in 226 patients was retrospectively evaluated by MR angiography. MRA performed on a high field 3 Tesla MRI scanner using 3D flash sequence. The normal aortic arch branching pattern was observed in 192 patients (84.9%). Also, three variations of the aortic arch branching pattern were observed. The aortic arch in 12.4% of the patients had two arterial branches. In 0.9% of cases, the left vertebral artery originated directly from the aortic arch. In 1.8% of cases, the right subclavian artery originated as the fourth aortic arch branch. Although the number of cases with aortic arch branches variation in our study is similar to other studies, the Bovine aortic arch variation is more common than other variations of aortic arch branches.

Although, the effect of direct intra-articular injection of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on the repair of articular cartilage and the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract on pain relief in patients with osteoarthritis have been investigated, no studies has been conducted to compare the effects of these two therapeutic methods on the mechanical properties of articular cartilage. In the present stuy, the effect of these two methods on the mechanical strength of knee articular cartilage in a model of rat osteoarthritis has been studied. In the present research, 48 mature, male Wistar rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 as follows: control group (healthy animals), saline with mono-iodoacetate (MIA), MIA with Elaeagnus angustifolia extract, MIA with BMSCs, and MIA with a combination of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract and BMSCs. Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of 50 &muL solution of MIA in rats of groups 3 to 6. About 500 mg/kg Elaeagnus angustifolia extract was injected intraperitoneally daily for 4 weeks and nonautologous mesenchymal stem cells were injected into the knee joint on the 14th day. Stress-relaxation test was conducted applying 0.1 mm displacement at the rate of 5 mm/min for 1000 seconds. Then, the maximum initial force, instantaneous stiffness,equilibrium force, and equilibrium stiffness were calculated. Induction of osteoarthritis model decreased instantaneous stiffness, maximum initial force, and equilibrium stiffness as compared to the healthy group (P=0.05). Using Elaeagnus angustifolia extract and bone marrow stem cells increased instantaneous stiffness and equilibrium stiffness compared to MIA group, although this increase was statistically significant only in the BMSCs group (P=0.04 and P=0.026, respectively). In the BMSCs group, maximum initial force also significantly increased compared to MIA group (P=0.04). Apparently direct injection of BMSCs into the knee joint with osteoarthritis is more effective in increasing mechanical strength of the cartilage and improving the performance of the weight-bearing joint compared to using Elaeagnus angustifolia extract.

Vertebral artery is the first branch of subclavian artery. It merges with the same artery of the opposite side to form basilar artery and becomes one of the important source of blood supply to the brain. Variation in the origin of left vertebral artery was found in 65 year old female during magnetic resonance angiography of the neck vessels. It originated from aortic arch and was longer as compared with the right vertebral artery. Its further course was as usual. Awareness of such variations is important in supra-aortic vascular surgery and is clinically significant during diagnostic procedures like angiographi.

Subcloning of specific genes in plasmids and transfecting them into target cells for producing therapeutic proteins or cell differentiation, is suggested as one of the most effective treatment methods for different diseases. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of the members of the neurotrophin family. Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that regulate the survival, differentiation, and function of different types of neurons. Studies showed that NGF gene expression in stem cells induces differentiation toward neuron-like cells as well as the growth of axons and its branching.
In this research, enzymatic digestion on a plasmid carrying NGF gene was performed and extracted. NGF gene was subcloned into pSecTag2/Hygro secretory plasmid. The subcloned plasmid was precipitated and concentrated. It was then transfected by Lipofectamine into PC12 cell line. NGF gene expression and protein production were evaluated using RT-PCR and western blot methods.
Sequence determination indicated that secretory plasmid subcloning process has been correct. Expression of NGF gene in transfected PC12 cells was shown by RT-PCR method and production of its protein was proved by the results from western blots.
Subcloning of NGF gene in pSecTag2 secretory vector is a suitable technique for transfer to eukaryotic cells.

Three major arteries normally originate from the aortic arch. Variations of the aortic arch branches are observed in some cases. Rare variation of the aortic arch branches is originated from the retroesophageal right subclavian (RRS) artery as the last branch of the aortic arch. Variation of artery is possibly associated with the variation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This research provides an in vivo report of retroesophageal right subclavian artery during examination of the cervical vessels using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). It is very important to consider the variation of the right subclavian artery during head and neck surgery. Non-invasive techniques such as MRA of cervical arteries can be used in order to examine them.

Magnetic resonance tractography is a method to identifying anatomical connections in the living human brain. This technique uses data obtained from diffusion of water molecules to display two-dimensional or three-dimensional images of the nerve fiber tracts through performing computational analysis. Thus¡ it will be possible to check the status of fibers with performing this technique. It is one of the advance techniques in the field of neuroscience which has a diagnostic potential in neurological diseases¡ such as brain tumors¡ normal pressure hydrocephalus¡ multiple sclerosis¡ stroke¡ and a large number of other neurological disorders.
Tractography is a useful method to identify nerve tracts non-invasively and in-vivo. Compared to invasive techniques¡ non-invasive nature and ease of obtaining data enable this method to a suitable technique for pre-operative planning of brain surgery.

Infertility is a common phenomenon in modern societies. Today, use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) for treatment of infertility is common, and cryopreservation is one of these technologies. Cryopreservation has impact on the function and percentage of fertility of human sperm. In this study, motility, viability, nitric oxide, and DNA apoptosis were assessed before and after cryopreservation process of human semen samples in normozoospermic men. We divided 20 semen samples of normozoospermic men into 2 groups: fresh group as a control and frozen–thawed group. Each semen sample has been aliquoted to 4 parts in cryotube for assessment of viability by eosin and negrosin staining, motility by invert microscope, nitric oxide and DNA apoptosis content by flow cytometry. Normozoospermic men frozen–thawed semen samples showed significant (p<0.05) difference in viability, motility, nitric oxide and DNA apoptosis compared with fresh semen samples. cryopreservation process has impact on viability, motility, intracellular nitric oxide and DNA apoptosis content in fertile human semen samples.