Psychology and Ethics Different Interpretations of Soul (Nafs) and Differences in Ethical Approach

In this research, the impact of various interpretations of the soul, psyche, and mind on the ethical approach and orientation is briefly examined from the viewpoint of three schools and three persons: Fruid’s psychoanalysis, Watson’s Behaviorism, Maslow’s humanism of the self-actualized human being. Id, ego, and super-ego in Fruid’s viewpoint, the role of ego in mediation between id and super-ego and the ethical viewpoint, the role of stimulus and response in the formation of the personality and ethical behavior in behaviorism, which leaves no room for ethical selection and action outside environmental stimuli, Alport’s theory, which has examined the eight dimensions of ego, Maslow’s theory of self-actualization, and the synergy of facts and values are the topics examined in this research. However, the Qur’ān is a Book that is revealed by the Creator of man; the One who knows human potentials, how to develop them, as well as his weaknesses. Therefore, He is the most proficient of all psychologists, whose knowledge is not dependent upon experience and probabilities. He has explained the characteristics of human soul (nafs) and has undertaken his guidance and training. For this crucial task, He has sent down Messengers, who are endowed with books and training programs by God: instructing the wisdom, development, and perfection grounded in Divine values.