Fraud in Forging Document

The elements of fraud in forging documents are supporting unreality, deceiving others, deceit and insistence, all of which are mentioned under the title of "purpose of fraud" in Article 523 on defining fraud. However, this crime is not conditioned by a specific result but its existence, the intention to have the result and its ability to occur are necessary elements. The subject of fraud in forgery is an unreal text and is a deceiving message of such evidence that has appropriate evidences. Hence, the deletion of or adding a word or assigning a piece of evidence is not a fraud in itself, unless it is a positive or denying factor for the reality; in addition, carrying out minor repairs on electronic cards in order to use them is not a fraud unless it is for some special purpose.