The confrontation of Umayyad and Alavi camps in the first century A.H and its effects on the birth, understanding and interpretation of Hadiths

The analysis of religious quotations belonging to an era shows that they have been formed in direct connection with the social events in that very era. In this regard, the remarks quoted from an Imam (pbuh) mostly represent the social contexts of his own time. Through an analytical method, this study aims at the role of Umayyad caliphs’ policies in what was quoted from Imams in the first century A.H and how the quotations were interpreted. According to the results of the study, the words of Imams under the Umayyad rule make references to certain social disorders mainly including elimination of Imams from political arenas and religious jurisprudence, banning anti-government remarks, backing up adverse traditions and cultures such as Judaic traditions and Jaheli culture, dependence on denotations of words for interpretation, fatalism, preference of personal decrees over the Quranic ones, jurisprudence based on wrong methods and sources, desanctification of the Quran and the prophet, ruining the image of Imams and their followers, and propagation of immoralities. Versus all this, the Alavi camp took certain measures including the delineation of human thoughts, opposing the notions of incarnation of God and his unrecognizability, undermining the notions of fatalism and divine concession, rejection of advice or inductions from non-Muslims, advertising the scholastic credibility and political patronage of Imams, devaluation of Umayyads and refusing their heretic manners.