The role of debate in political protests expression Contemplating the literary texts through the 4-7th century AH

If we consider part of resistance literature as a protest to the ruling class, the poor and the needy are undoubtedly pioneers in this respect. By examining literary texts, one thing is strikingly prominent, and this is the way to protest, in addition to the courage and dignity of this group. The purpose of this article is to look more closely at the objections raised in the literary texts of the fourth century until the end of the seventh century, and a common feature of these political criticisms. By studying poetry and prose texts, common features were seen in most of the works and the results of the surveys showed that the objecting method of the old women, the farmers, the dervishes, the ascetic, and even crazy people is based on dialogue and debate, of course, an unequal debate that on one side of which is usually a powerful kingdom, and the other is a widow or a dervish one. These debates, which are generally pursued by the king and started with the intention of humiliating, is  followed up by second party, who first showed himself unwittingly, and is ended in a marvelous way in his favor. The reason for the superiority of these eloquent poor people is having eloquence and rhetoric in their speech, and their words are mostly adorned with verbal and spiritual ornaments. Here are some examples of these debates.