Environmental efficiency of the country's water resources under environmental constraints and increasing spatial effects in Iran

Water can be considered as one of the most important factors of growth and economic development of each country. The lack of water resources and low efficiency of methods of operation in the country has made the country to use excessive groundwater resources and have environmental problems in Iran. In this study, environmental efficiency of water resources across the country in order to evaluate the efficiency of the variable - based model (slack - based) model on relaxation was considered. Then, in this study, using the dynamic panel model with the application of the generalized moments of space in 2011 - 2018 in 31 provinces, the effect of threshold extraction of water resources was studied. The results of the overall efficiency of the first stage were significantly higher than the performance of water resources in the second stage and the overall efficiency was close to the effectiveness of the second stage and the efficiency of the second stage determined the overall effectiveness of the environmental efficiency of Isfahan, Kerman, Semnan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and Yazd. The SAR space variable had a coefficient 0.142, which indicated that the efficiency of water resources across the provinces, where the geography location was independent of political divisions, had spatial effects on the real GDP of the neighboring provinces. overall efficiency of water resources had sudden spatial effects and the overall efficiency of regions was affected by neighborhood regions. Direct and indirect effects of internal water consumption, opening degree and industrial structure had meaningful effect on the overall efficiency of water resources in Iran. The spatial effects of internal water consumption and industrial structure had a significant effect. In order to improve the efficiency of water resources, the government, citizens and farmers should focus on solutions such as reducing pollution, saving domestic water and converting industrial structures. It was suggested that in the lower - efficiency oblasts with less efficiency in order to improve efficiency, production structures and technologies with the use of more efficient water resources rather than destructive and polluting technologies, the government controled and improved the efficiency of the country 's water consumption by implementing strict laws to protect the country 's water resources.