Explaining The Impact of Dispatch Students to France and Germany in Transferring Science and Technology and Socio- Cultural Changes in Iran

With the increase of communication with the West and after the Iranian defeats in the war with Russia, as a European state, during the Qajar era, the rulers became aware of their internal weaknesses and the country’s underdevelopment. At the time, a large part of the country's elite saw the reason of weakness in the scientific-industrial underdevelopment of the country, whose root cause later was deemed related to the domestic dictatorship and foreign colonization. They saw the way out of this retardation in achieving the new sciences and technologies in the west. Dispatching students for acquiring the new techniques, sciences and technologies, was the first step of the Iranians along this path. Thus, the main question of this paper is what impact has dispatching students to France and Germany had on the Iranian scientific level and creating change in the thinking and political, social and cultural structures? The main hypothesis is that dispatching students in the recent century to France and Germany has been one of the main bases of transfer of modern science and technology to Iran, creation of change in the thinking and political, social and cultural structures. The findings of the research show that sending students since the Qajar era up to now  has been a major factor in transfer of science and technology and shaping new scientific schools and institutes, constructing railways, entrance of new industries and western architecture and modern urban planning and new arts, entrance of modern concepts and formation of new institutes, emergence of the intelligentsia, improvement of political and social awareness, change in the culture, the administrative and Judicial system, and the legal and political institutes and structures in Iran. The method of research in this paper is descriptive-analytical, using library tools.