Exploring the Production of Space and Formation of Knowledge-based Zones Using Henri Lefebvre's Theory (Case Study: Coastal district of 22@, Barcelona)

Nowadays, the development of knowledge-based cities has become one of the pervasive strategies for sustainable urban development and one of the most effective paradigms for future sustainable cities. In fact, the new millennium has been designated as the era of knowledge-based cities. However, the production of space in knowledge-based cities has its own requirements. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the production of space and the formation of knowledge-based zones using Henry Lefebvre's theory. The research was theoretical-foundational in nature, and its method was descriptive-analytical. The ontology was a combination of physical, mental, and organic factors, and its epistemology was interpretive and hermeneutic. The results of the research indicated that, based on Henry Lefebvre's theory, the production of space in knowledge-based cities includes physical aspects such as transforming the zoning of an area from "22i" (industrial) to "22 @" (new knowledge-based activities), creating zones based on mixed land use, urban diversity, density, and compactness, establishing various clusters consisting of energy, media, information and communication technology, and medical technology, and launching the 22@ Entrepreneurship System, Barcelona Activa, and Landing Platforms. Furthermore, it encompasses mental aspects such as adapting the new fabric to the new economy, making the space attractive for attracting elites, long-term flexibility, and ensuring sustainability in the future, as well as the role of urban planners and facilitators, and Barcelona's history in the application of mixed land use and creative industries. Additionally, the organic aspects include the creation of a mediatheque building as a communication center and meeting point for professionals, students, entrepreneurs, research and development centers, and information and communication technology institutions; promoting the Breakfast Update event 22@ to establish mutual communication between the specialist community and creating a sense of belonging to the place; implementing programs such as the Digital District to familiarize the older generation with digital educational programs; establishing a smart city campus to create a new space for urban innovation by bringing together companies, institutions, universities, and research centers in the field of information and communication technology; and fostering innovation ecosystems and urban planning within knowledge-based zones.