Exploring Carbon Electrode Structures and Electrochemical Parameters to Enhance Supercapacitor Performance

Supercapacitors, also known as electric double-layer capacitors, have gained substantial attention for their remarkable energy storage capabilities, making them vital for numerous applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. This review delves into the intricate world of carbon electrodes in supercapacitors, highlighting the diverse carbon materials used, such as activated carbons, carbon blacks, zeolite-template carbons, and graphene meso-sponges, and their significant impact on supercapacitor performance. Some research explores the synthesis of carbon electrodes using zeolite templates, which provide precise control over structural properties for enhancing performance in high-rate applications. The review also provides a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles of electrochemical cells, emphasizing the critical factors affecting carbon electrode performance, including surface functional groups, electrolyte composition, voltage range and stability, cycle life, operating temperature, current density, and rate capability. Recognizing the interconnected nature of these factors is essential for optimizing supercapacitor technology. This knowledge forms the foundation for ongoing research and innovation needed to advance supercapacitors, providing sustainable and efficient solutions to pressing energy challenges.