Exploring the Interplay of UV Index, Population Density, and SARS-CoV-2 Clades on COVID-19 Propagation: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Pandemic Dynamics

Despite the passage of more than two years since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the persistence of the coronavirus and its circulation at varying levels globally necessitates a deeper understanding of the factors influencing its transmission and impact. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between environmental factors, population density, and genetic variations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with a specific focus on elucidating their implications for public health measures and vaccine development.

This observational analysis was conducted utilizing daily reported SARS-CoV-2 cases in various countries. Additionally, monthly changes in ultraviolet (UV) radiation index, population density per km2, and viral genetic variations were assessed. Comparative analysis was performed to examine correlations between these variables. Data analysis was conducted using SAS 9.3 software with a generalized linear model (GLM) approach.

This study revealed significant correlations between UV index and key epidemiological parameters, including mortality rate, average case number, and transmission rate. Population density per square kilometer did not exhibit any substantial relationship with these variables. Analysis of viral clades suggests potential immunological insights, indicating varying degrees of immunity conferred by certain genetic variants.

These findings underscore the importance of environmental and genetic factors in shaping the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic. By elucidating the role of UV radiation and viral genetic diversity, this study informs public health strategies and underscores the necessity of ongoing surveillance and vaccine development efforts tailored to the evolving SARS-CoV-2 landscape.