Evaluation of the commercial biocides effects in antifouling paints on marine organisms

In the marine environment, biofouling phenomenon is referred to as the undesired colonization of marine organisms on anthropogenic surfaces that are immersed into the seawater. To deter the unwanted biofouling, it is common to coat the immersed surfaces with a layer of antifouling paint, which will release antifouling biocide in a controlled manner to form a protective film against nearby biofoulers. The purpose of this study is to review the studies done in this field, especially in the direction of sustainable environmental protection and marine organisms. The research method included searching for articles in Google Scholar using antifouling, biocides and related keywords. The results showed that all biocides used in commercial antifouling paints detrimental the environment and non-target marine organisms. In general, by knowing the fate and pollution caused by biocides in the marine environment, appropriate measures can be taken to protect marine natural resources. It is hoped that in the near future, foul-release coatings will replace today's coatings and paints as biocide-free and environmentally safe coatings.