Common diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

Human lymphotropic virus type 1 is the first human oncoretrovirus that can cause Adult T-cell Lukemia/ Lymphoma and HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis as serious complications of infection. About 20 million people worldwide are infected with the HTLV-1 virus. Since most people carry this virus are asymptomatics, quick identification of the virus is essential for diagnosis, treatment, and disruption of transmission.This virus has been detected using genetic and serological techniques. main screening technique is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is typically followed by confirmatory tests using the western blotting (WB) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. In this study, the various methods for diagnosing HTLV-1 infection were reviewed. The most widely used technical assays for HTLV-1 among all the documented techniques of detection are serological and molecular tests. Without a confirming test, the ELISA technique has a number of restrictions that reduce the reliability of the findings. Further analysis of these methods' accuracy is required in light of the frequency of HTLV-1 and the constraints of the available detection techniques. It is now possible to use cutting-edge technical innovations like biosensors to conduct HTLV-1 diagnostics.