A Review on the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Comparing Traditional and Biological Green Methods

Nanotechnology has been a prominent discipline in the scientific community over the last ten years. Innovative techniques have been developed to produce high-quality nanomaterials due to their various applications and growing demand. During the initial phases, conventional synthesis techniques were employed, which depended on both carcinogenic substances and significant energy input to produce materials at the nano-scale. The pollution generated by conventional synthesis methods necessitates the development of more environmentally friendly synthesis methods. As the detrimental effects of climate change become more widely recognized, scientists are working hard to find solutions to offset the damaging effects of hazardous industrial methods. Using naturally occurring biological systems to synthesize nanomaterials is known as "green" nanomaterial synthesis. This review centers on the historical development of nanoparticle synthesis, starting with traditional techniques and moving toward greener technologies. Comparing green synthesis to classical synthesis, the former is just as effective, if not more so. Using energy-efficient procedures and naturally derived starting materials, it provides a sustainable method of producing nanomaterials. According to recent research, introducing active chemicals into naturally occurring biological systems (such as bacteria, yeast, algae, and fungi) has produced a variety of useful nanoparticle systems. Therefore, the application of green synthesis in research and large-scale production is a viable way to overcome the limitations of traditional synthesis methods.