Monotheism and Polytheism in the Field of Knowledge and Human Sciences (with Emphasis on the Works and Thoughts of Martyr Professor Morteza Motahhari)

The main question of this paper is: "how can we recognize the monotheistic and polytheistic thoughts in knowledge, especially in human sciences"? This paper stressing the principle of principles, that is "monotheism", seeks to find indicators for distinguishing Islamic teachings from non-Islamic ones, by reviewing, analyzing, and classifying the thoughts of martyr professor Motahhari. The first indicator "is the state of belonging to Him (Allah)" through which it is possible to discern the distinction between monotheism and polytheism in theoretical teachings and then recognize and criticize the following great intellectual deviations: considering the world of existence as illusion, materialism, dualism, delegation, determinism, rejection of causality, etc. The unconscious outcomes of these theories rooted in the minds most people are traceable in all fields of knowledge including natural and human sciences.The second indicator is "the state of returning to Him (Allah)" which represents a boundary between monotheism and polytheism in practical teachings and by this indicator one can recognize and criticize the following polytheistic thoughts: idolatry, (covert and overt) egoism, acceptance of devil (false god or illegitimate ruler), kinds of one-dimensional values, especially deviational theories on justice.