Different processing methods are being used to improve the quality of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Using hydroxyethyl starch, simple centrifugation and Sepax automation, this study was aimed to compare these three conventional methods. 90 cord blood samples were taken and processed by hydroxyethyl starch, simple centrifugation and Sepax automation methods. Then they were subjected to total nucleated cell (TNC) counting and CD34 positive counting as well as colony assay. Finally, all data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and ps less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The TNC recoveries in hydroxyethyl starch, simple centrifugation and Sepax automation methods were 76%, 71% and 80%, respectively (p> 0.05). The CD34+ cell recoveries in the Sepax automation and in the other two methods were 91% and 85%, respectively (p> 0.05). Also, the colony assay recoveries were not significantly different among the three methods (p> 0.05). No significant difference was seen in TNC number, CD34 positive counting and colony formation among the three different methods.

Hemorrhagic shock remains one of the leading causes of death following multiple organ ischemic injuries in dogs. The aim of this study was to compare tissue perfusion and electrocardiographic parameters in experimentally induced acute hemorrhagic shock in dogs before and after resuscitation with the lactated ringer and hydroxyethyl starch 6% solutions. The parameters of tissue perfusion included the gingival mucosal color, CRT, peripheral pulse quality, appendage temperature, serum lactate concentration, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and urine output plus ECG were evaluated in ten male adult healthy mongrel dogs which instrumented, and anesthetized (control measurement). Hemorrhage was performed with removal of up to 60% of blood volume to keep MAP between 40 and 50 mm Hg (second set of measurements). After a 30- minute stabilization period in hemorrhagic shock condition, the third set of measurements was performed. The dogs were randomly assigned to two study groups which received lactated ringer or hydroxyethyl starch solutions, 20 or 5 ml/kg respectively in four consecutive 15 –min periods (fourth to seventh measurements). One hour after the last resuscitation stage, the dogs were monitored and at the end of this time, an eighth evaluation step was carried out. Time induced a significant effect on heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, appendage temperature, urine output, serum lactate concentration, R wave amplitude and Q-T interval. While solution type had a significant effect on serum lactate concentration, urine output and P wave amplitude. The results of this study showed that each of lactated ringer and hydroxyethyl starch solutions, has no significant effect in the short term on tissue perfusion and electrocardiogram parameters in hemorrhagic shock resuscitated dogs.

Some of studies suggest that hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and calcium Infusion may be beneficial for women with a high risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). This study aimed to compare the effects of intravenous infusion of calcium or hydroxyethyl starch in preventing OHSS in high-risk women. This clinical trial study was carried out on 100 women considered at risk of developing OHSS were divided in two equal groups. The first group received 10 mg of 10% calcium gluconate in 100 mg normal saline within 2 hours, and the dose was repeated at the third day of oocyte retrieval. In the second group, in a time of oocyte retrieval, 500 cc hydroxyethyl starch was administered by infusion, and it was repeated at second and third days of oocyte removal. Finally, incidence and intensity of OHSS was measured and compared between the two groups. Findings: OHSS was found in 21 patients (42%) in each group; but intensity of OHSS in hydroxyethyl starch group was higher (P = 0.024). There was no sever OHSS in calcium group, whereas in hydroxyethyl starch group, 3 patients (14%) had sever form OHSS. Calcium or hydroxyethyl starch infusion strategies were both effective in preventing OHSS, but the intensity of OHSS in calcium infusion was lower. Therefore, probably calcium infusion is a better novel therapy that may be used effectively in prevention of OHSS

Colloids play an important role in fluid resuscitation. However, their unfavorable effects on the coagulation system have led to the limited usage of these solutions. Newer types of colloids are currently being claimed to have minimal effects on homeostasis. This study tried to evaluate such a claim. In a double blind clinical trial, 58 ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I and II patients candidate for elective lower limbs or lower abdomen surgeries under spinal anesthesia were studied. Using thromboelastography, the coagulation system was evaluated before and 1 hour after an infusion of 15 cc/kg of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130 in the study group and HES 200 in the control group. Hemodynamics were monitored and recorded during the study and data was analyzed by chi-square test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney test at a significance level of 0.05. Mean age in the study and control groups were 37.83 ± 16.1 and 44.07 ± 15.6 years, respectively. There were 23 males and 6 females in each group. Mean weight in the study and control groups were respectively 69.48 ± 8.7 and 69.72 ± 7.5 kg. The results of statistical analyses did not show any differences in these three variables. Repeated measures ANOVA only revealed P values less than 0.05 for heart rate and body temperature. However, the patients were not significantly different in blood pressure. Mean values of thromboelastography parameters, including R (reaction time),K (coagulation time), α (angle), MA (maximal amplitude), and LY30 (percentage lysis 30 minutes post-MA) did not have significant differences between the two groups after infusion of starches. The patients had similar hemodynamic indexes during the study. They did not show any significant differences in thromboelastography parameters (R, K, α, MA, and Ly30). Therefore,15 cc/kg of HES 130 does not have any priority over HES 200 for effects on coagulation.

Spinal anesthesia is often recommended as a safe and preferred substitute for general anesthesia. The hemodynamic benefits of spinal anesthesia over general anesthesia include a minimum decrease in myocardial contractility and only modest decreases in blood pressure and cardiac output. However، spinal anesthesia is associated with some complications (such as unstable hemodynamic status) during surgery that may lead to mortality in patients under operation. Hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) is a substance used to preserve a patient’s hemodynamic stability during surgery. This study compared the use of lactated Ringer’s solution and Voluven as preload in patients under spinal anesthesia. This clinical trial study was performed in Kashani Hospital (Isfahan، Iran) during 2012. We selected 80 patients who were scheduled for lower extremity orthopedic procedures under spinal anesthesia. The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups and preloaded with either lactated Ringer’s solution or Voluven for 20 minutes. Hemodynamic indexes including blood pressure، heart rate، and oxygen saturation were monitored before the surgery and at the first، third، fifth، tenth، fifteenth، and thirtieth minutes after the operation. The collected data was analyzed with SPSS. The mean systolic blood pressure in the lactated Ringer’s solution group was 129. 3 ± 16. 7 mmHg at baseline and 113. 2 ± 16. 2 mmHg at the end of the operation. The corresponding values in the Voluven group were 128. 1 ± 14. 3 and 113. 8 ± 16. 1 mmHg. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of systolic or diastolic blood pressure، heart rate، and oxygen saturation. Although using Voluven in spinal anesthesia is supposed to result in better hemodynamic stability، we failed to find a significant difference between Voluven and lactated Ringer’s solution. Therefore، either of them can be used for preloading based on their cost and availability.

Several fluids have been used in priming the cardiopulmonary pump in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Hydroxy-ethyl starch 6% (HES 6%) is a new colloid fluid which is widely used as a substitute for intraoperative fluid. Gelatin is also a commonly used colloid fluid for priming. However, it has some adverse effects, especially on the coagulation system. In this clinical trial, patients were randomized into two groups of HES 6% and gelatin. Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and international normalized ratio (INR) were measured before surgery and immediately and 24 hours after the operation. Chest drainage (CD) was measured 24 hours after the operation. Urine output (UO) was measured during the first 24 postoperative hours. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were measured before and 24 hours after surgery. Data was analyzed with SPSS. Totally 100 patients were recruited for this study. CD was not significantly different between HES 6% and gelatin groups. In the HES and gelatin groups the UO was also not significantly different. PT and INR did not show any significant difference betwean the two groups before, at the end and 24 hours after surgery, however PTT was significantly higher(p-value=0.05) in gelatin group only at the end of surgery(30.6± 5.7,44 ± 27,37 ± 19 for HES vs 30.5 ± 5.7,56 ± 35,37 ± 23 for gelatin respectively). BUN was only significantly higher in HES group 24 hours after surgery (19.9 ±9.8 vs 16.4 ± 7.6, Pvalue = 0.05). Cr did not differ. HES and gelatine are both options for prime in cardiopulmonary pomp,with adverse effect on renal function and coagulation respectively.more studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Chain extenders are diols or small diamines that enter the polyurethane hard parts through chemical reactions. N, N -bis(2- hydroxypropyl) aniline (Isonol C100) and bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aniline as the most important chain-extender in the curing of propellant solids composite, stabilizers and plasticizers in the propellants system double and also as a co-plasticizers in ethyl cellulose. It can be said that the most important application of this compounds is in polyurethanes. In the synthesis of rubber-like polyurethanes (sticky), it is used to strengthen, and extend the length of the chain. In the structure of these compounds, there is a benzene ring that increases the strength of the product. On the other hand, there is also a third type of amine in the skeleton, which increases the mechanical properties of the polyurethane. In this study will investigate the synthesis methods of bis (2-hydroxypropyl) aniline (Isonol C100) and bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aniline. Many of the methods have used aniline, ethylene oxide or 2-chloroethanol to synthesize bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aniline and propylene oxide and aniline to synthesize Isonol C100.

This study was focused on the preparation of an environmentally friendly nanocellulose based hydrogel in the form of pads. Hydrogels are hydrophilic three dimensional network with crosslinks, swells in water but don’t dissolve. In this research nanofibrillated cellulose and Hydroxyethyl cellulose with different ratio (1:1, 2:1, 3:1) were used to make hydrogel. Also, citric acid which has a significant advantage over other crosslinking agents in terms of toxicity and price, has been used in different amounts of 10% and 20% by weight to crosslink. In order to find optimal hydrogel preparation conditions, FTIR analysis, FESEM, time dependent swelling measurement and evaluating the thermal and rheological properties were performed. Samples with a lower ratio of nanocellulose to hydroxyethyl cellulose were found to be inappropriate due to the loss of their apparent integrity in the swelling measurement. According to FTIR results, cross-linking were performed only in samples with the highest ratio of nanocellulose to hydroxyethyl cellulose in different amounts of citric acid. Therefore, the hydrogel's characteristics were mainly influenced by the ratio of nanocellulose to hydroxyethyl cellulose and the amount of citric acid had less effect on these properties. These two successful final samples showed acceptable properties in other evaluated properties and led to the selection of optimal reactive ratios for the preparation of hydrogels for use in various industries, including the pharmaceutical industry.

This study was focused on the preparation of an environmentally friendly nanocellulose based hydrogel in the form of pads. Hydrogels are hydrophilic three dimensional network with crosslinks, swells in water but don’t dissolve. In this research nanofibrillated cellulose and Hydroxyethyl cellulose with different ratio (1:1, 2:1, 3:1) were used to make hydrogel. Also, citric acid which has a significant advantage over other crosslinking agents in terms of toxicity and price, has been used in different amounts of 10% and 20% by weight to crosslink. In order to find optimal hydrogel preparation conditions, FTIR analysis, FESEM, time dependent swelling measurement and evaluating the thermal and rheological properties were performed. Samples with a lower ratio of nanocellulose to hydroxyethyl cellulose were found to be inappropriate due to the loss of their apparent integrity in the swelling measurement. According to FTIR results, cross-linking were performed only in samples with the highest ratio of nanocellulose to hydroxyethyl cellulose in different amounts of citric acid. Therefore, the hydrogels' characteristics were mainly influenced by the ratio of nanocellulose to hydroxyethyl cellulose and the amount of citric acid had less effect on these properties. These two successful final samples showed acceptable properties in other evaluated properties and led to the selection of optimal reactive ratios for the preparation of hydrogels for use in various industries, including the pharmaceutical industry.

Cardiac index is a criterion associated with cardiac output that measures the volume of blood pumped over time to the animal’s body surface area. Cardiac index is considered the reference standard parameter for targeting organ perfusion and oxygen delivery in shock.

For this purpose, ten mixed-breed male dogs ranging in age from 1.5 to 3.5 years were selected and after determination of body surface area, cardiac output was measured by Doppler echocardiography in eight stages. After induction of anesthesia and recording of vital signs, cardiac index evaluation was performed in control stage. Hypovolemic shock was induced by blood withdrawal to a mean arterial pressure of 40 to 50 mmHg within 30 minutes and then maintained for additional 30 minutes under hypovolemic condition. The dogs were then randomly divided into two equal groups, each group was resuscitated with Ringer's lactate solution (20 ml/kg) or 6% hydroxyethyl starch (5 ml/kg) over four 15-min intervals.

Hypovolemic shock caused significantly decrease in cardiac index (2.3±0.1) compared to control stage (4.8±0.6) (p < 0.05). Following resuscitation, cardiac index increased and returned to pre-shock values in both groups.

According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac index is an easy, affordable and reliable method to diagnose hypovolemia and monitor patients' response to fluid therapy.Conflict of interest: None declared.