Brown rust or leaf rust of wheat caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. It is considered one of the most damaging diseases of wheat all over the world, including Iran. Brown rust can reduce the yield of wheat in fields by 20 to 50% in epidemic conditions. The fungus that causes brown rust disease due to having a sexual cycle and new genetic recombinations resulting from it (presence of intermediate hosts in most regions), an asexual cycle in favorable weather conditions and Also, the probability of occurrence of phenomena such as mutation, migration and selection pressure by resistance genes in the hosts has high genetic diversity (variety of physiological breeds), genetic flexibility (variability) which by producing new breeds with Completely different pest patterns can overcome the created genetic resistance. The newly created breeds can be quickly transferred from one area to another through the wind and cause an increase in racial diversity in the disease population of other areas. The most reliable and fundamental method of its control and management is the use of genetic resistance. Accurate knowledge of the genetic structure of the pathogenic population in each region is the first step and road map to achieve effective and stable genetic resistance in wheat. This is possible through the monitoring of harmful pathogenic factors on the differential genotypes of brown rust in the trap vaults.

The effectiveness of resistance genes of international differential cultivars of brown rust was investigated in Moghan region of Ardabil province as one of the important poles of Iranian wheat production in two consecutive crop years (2022-2023). To identify the sources of resistance to the existing breeds in the region, the responses of 40 commercial varieties and 40 promising lines of wheat was evaluated. Investigating the resistance response in the full plant stage under natural pollution conditions, by the parameters of pollution coefficient (CI), final disease severity (FDS) and the relative value of the area under the disease progression curve (rAUDPC) in the research station of the Research and Training Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ardabil Province (Moghan) were measured.

The population of breeds in Moghan region were different from each other in both years. The results indicated that in both years of the test, the pathogenic mushroom population had immunity to differential cultivars carrying resistance genes Lr18, Lr19, Lr20, Lr22a, and Lr29. Therefore, these genes have the necessary efficiency to create effective resistance to brown rust pathogenic races in Moghan region. The differential cultivars carrying the resistance genes Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr9, Lr17, Lr21, Lr23, Lr10/Lr27/Lr31, Lr33, and Lr34 also showed relatively acceptable resistance to the pathogenic strains of brown rust in Ardabil region. The reaction of the genotypes carrying these genes was specific to the race. In other words, in one year they had a resistance reaction and in another year they had a semi-resistant to semi-sensitive reaction with an intensity of 5-20% contamination. Commercial cultivars and promising lines of wheat, which had an effective resistance response and the lowest value for the measured traits, as sources of effective genetic resistance to the brown rust pathogenic population in Moghan region and similar regions in The hot and humid climates of the country are introduced, which include Sahar, Rakhshan, Shush, Farin, Sirvan, Araz, Meraj, Danesh, Talai, Sana, Aran, Tirgan, Taban, Hana, Mehrgan, Avan, Arman, Fallah, Tektaz cultivars. and lines N-95-6, N-98-8, S-95-3, S-96-15, S-96-16, S-97-10, S-98-11, S-98- 22, M-97-12, M-97-18, M-98-18, CD-91-12, C-97-4, CD-97-19, C-98-7, C-98-8, They were CD-98-17, MS-92-5, MS-94-5, D-97-15, and D-97-16.

Correct and conscious use of the combination of effective resistance genes identified in this research can create more stable resistance to brown rust. It is possible to use the resistance genes present in resistant genotypes identified in multi-breeding programs for the pyramiding of resistance genes in desirable wheat genotypes in terms of agricultural traits, yield and other physiological characteristics, in the production of stable resistant cultivars. Compared to the disease, he used a brown rust.

Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is the most important wheat disease in terms of its wide distribution and yield loss in the world. To investigate the virulence factors of P. triticina in Iran, the present research was carried out in several locations including Karaj, Gorgan, Sari (Ghaemshahr), Kelardasht, Ardabil, Moghan, Boroujerd, Ahvaz, Dezfoul, and Kermanshah. In this research, 39 Near isogenic lines (NILs) developed from the wheat cultivar Thatcher and each carrying a specific leaf rust resistance gene/s were examined under natural disease infection during the two years 2022-2023. At the full opening of flag leaf stage and after uniformity in disease emergence on the susceptible cultivar, disease severity and infection type were scored based on the modified Cobb scale and Rolfes et al. respectively. In this study, reactions of 50S and higher were recorded as virulence for the contaminated lines. Based on the isogenic lines reactions in different locations in 2022, no virulence was observed on Lr1, Lr2a, Lr3ka, Lr10, Lr11, Lr12, Lr14b, Lr17, Lr18, Lr19, Lr20, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr29, Lr32, Lr33, Lr34 and the gene Lr37 and in 2023 no virulence was observed on Lr9, Lr17, Lr18, Lr19, Lr22a, Lr29 and the Lr30. Based on two-year results of isogenic lines in different locations, no virulence was observed on the genes Lr17, Lr18, Lr19, Lr22a and Lr29 gene combination in the study areas during the two years of isogenic lines and then identified as effective genes for wheat rust disease. Virulence was observed on plants carrying other resistance gene/s, at least in one location tested, indicating ineffectiveness of the gene/s to leaf rust in that location.

It is essential to identify the sources of seedling and adult plant resistance genes for gene pyramiding, genetic arrangement and creation of wheat cultivars with non-specific resistance or durable resistance. The complete homology of the D genome of Aegilops tauschii with the D genome of wheat, the clear botanical state, wide ecological compatibility, the presence of very high diversity in these traits and the ease of crossing with wheat have made Aegilops tauschii a very important source for gene transfer and wheat breeding. Until now, several genes of resistance to brown rust (leaf rust) were transferred from different species of Aegilops to high-yielding bread wheat cultivars whose resistance to brown rust was broken.

In this research, 25 genotypes of Aegilops tauschii collected from its natural habitats from the Middle East, Central Asia (obtained from the Grain and Legume Seeds Collection of Ilam University) were used. This research was carried out in the Iraqi Agricultural Research Station in Gorgan, Iran in the cropping season of 2019-2019 in the form of a complete block design in three replications and under two disease stress and control conditions. In order to development and appearance of brown rust disease, the sensitive Bolani variety was cultivated around and between the crop rows. In addition, spore of the native races from Gorgan was sprayed over the studied genotypes under the stress condition. Inoculation with a ratio of one to five spores and Talc powder was applied at the two stages at sunset by dusting device.

The results showed that there was a significant difference among different genotypes of Aegilops tauschii in terms of susceptibility and resistance to brown rust disease and the measured resistance components. Statistical analyzes showed a significant correlation between the characteristics of infection intensity, infection type, the area under the curve of disease progression, and various characteristics of performance components. The results of cluster analysis by Ward's method based on Euclidean distance and average algorithm for the resistance traits and the performance component traits were placed the genotypes into four different groups including resistant, semi-resistant, semi-sensitive, and sensitive. Also, based on the results of combined analysis, a significant difference was observed for the yield components including kernel weight, number of kernel per plant, length of spike, number of kernel per spike and number of tillers under two conditions.General

Aegilops tauschii, having different genes for resistance to various diseases, is considered as a valuable parent and a rich gene source for transferring resistant genes to high-yielding cultivars. The results of this research showed that from the resistant and semi-resistant groups, suitable parents can be selected for crossbreeding with bread wheat in order to transfer the resistance gene to leaf rust.

Breeding experiments initiated with the examination of segregating generations serve as a significant source for creating genetic diversity, continuing with comparing genotypes in preliminary, advanced, and adaptability performance trials. Superior lines require further investigation under real farm conditions. Selected lines, along with common regional varieties, were assessed in performance comparison experiments, categorized as On-farm trials. These comparisons aim to evaluate new lines against traditional varieties concerning higher grain yield, disease resistance, early maturity, and lower water consumption outside of the research station areas. Additionally, conducting these trials on farmers' fields enhances the awareness of farmers, experts, and extension agents regarding the characteristics of new lines. This study aimed to compare the agronomic and quality traits of three promising bread wheat lines (S-98-7, S-98-11, and S-98-22) with the local control variety Merghan in the warm climates of Fasa and Darab during the cropping season 2022-2023. The seed rate was set at 400 seeds per square meter (equivalent to 180 kg per hectare) over 2000 square meters. Data on days to germination, spike emergence, physiological maturity, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per square meter, sensitive to shedding, plant height, lodging, grain yield, thousand-grain weight, and major plant diseases (yellow rust, stem rust, brown rust, septoria leaf blotch, and septoria strip blotch) were recorded. Quality traits related to baking (protein content, Zeleny mix volume, hardness index, wet gluten percentage, gluten index, SDS sedimentation, and hectoliter weight) were analyzed to examine the nutritional value. Results indicated no significant differences in the number of days to physiological maturity among the tested genotypes. Based on the results from Darab, Fasa, and the average of both experiments, Line S-98-22 yielded the highest grain production (10,006; 9,880; and 9,943 kg per hectare, respectively) compared to the control yield (Darab: 9,947 kg per hectare, Fasa: 8,571 kg per hectare, and average of both regions: 9,259 kg per hectare). Observations in both regions indicated no lodging or the presence of leaf blotch diseases (septoria leaf blotch, bacterial strip blotch, yellow rust, brown rust, and stem rust), with only 5% yellow rust reported in the control variety in the Fasa trial and 5% lodging in the control variety in the Darab trial. Ultimately, the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype Index (SIIG) identified Line S-98-22 as the best line based on the evaluated traits across both regions. Regarding quality traits, Line S-98-22 exhibited the highest wet gluten, gluten index, protein content, and suitable Zeleny volume, indicating the best baking quality. Other genotypes also fell within the range of desirable baking quality genotypes. Given its favorable agronomic traits, including high grain yield and drought stress tolerance at the end of the season, along with quality characteristics, Line S-98-22 can be introduced as a new bread wheat variety for warm and dry regions.

Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks) are among the prevalent and devastating fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. The use of genetic resistance is the most effective, sustainable, and economical strategy for controlling rusts. The first step in wheat breeding programs to create the effective genetic resistances (resistant varieties) to rust disease is to know the characteristics of rust isolates in different regions, and in the next step, is to identify resistance sources to produce resistant varieties. The objectives of this study were to determine the virulence factors of rust pathogens to resistance genes in international standard and differential cultivars and lines associated with each rust and to evaluate the response of promising wheat lines to stripe and leaf rust races to identify resistance sources.

Five stripe rust isolates collected from the regions of Karaj, Sari, Zarqan, Moghan, and Mashhad, and three leaf rust isolates collected from the regions of Gorgan, Moghan, and Ahvaz were identified. To identify the sources of resistance to the studied stripe and leaf rust races, the reaction of 23 promising wheat lines (ERWYT-N99) was evaluated at seedling stage (rusts greenhouses of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran) and adult plant stage (research station of the Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Moghan, Iran). The resistance reaction of wheat lines to five stripe rust isolates and three leaf rust isolates at the seedling stage was evaluated in separate experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The resistance reaction of wheat lines at the adult plant stage was also investigated under field conditions and natural contamination of stripe and leaf rusts using disease progression parameters on the plant and disease severity percentage appeared on leaves.

The results of determining the race of the isolates showed that the stripe rust isolates collected from Karaj, Sari, Zarqan, Moghan, and Mashhad regions included the races of 14E158A+, Yr27; 142E158A+, Yr27; 6E134A+, Yr27;, 166E62A+, Yr27; and 6E142A+, Yr27; respectively, and the leaf rust isolates collected from Gorgan, Moghan, and Ahvaz included FDTTS,  FKTTS, and FJTTS, respectively. The resistance genes Yr1, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, YrSU, YrSP, and YrCV were identified as the effective resistance genes against stripe rust races, and the resistance genes Lr1, Lr2a, Lr9, Lr19, and Lr28 were identified as the effective resistance genes against leaf rust races. The results showed that there was a significant genetic difference between the reaction of promising wheat lines to stripe and leaf rust races. Based on the results of the reaction of wheat lines to stripe rust races in both seedling and adult plant stages, wheat lines were divided into two main groups (resistant and semi-resistant to semi-susceptible), so that except for lines number 21 and 22 (with semi-resistant to semi-susceptible reaction), other wheat lines showed acceptable resistance to stripe rust races. Based on the reaction of promising wheat lines to leaf rust races in both seedling and adult plant stages, the lines were also classified into three main groups (resistant, semi-resistant to semi-susceptible, and susceptible), and lines number 1, 3, 11, 14, 21, and 22 showed acceptable resistance to leaf rust races.

Coclusion:

Developing durable and effective resistance is one of the crucial strategy for mitigating the detrimental effects of wheat diseases and reducing the excessive reliance of chemical fungicides. In addition to exhibiting high yield potential and desirable agronomic traits, newly developed wheat lines must harbor an acceptable level of resistance to the most prevalent wheat diseases, particularly rusts, to qualify for commercialization. The presence of rust pathogens poses a significant threat during the growing season. If environmental conditions favor their pathogenicity, the damage inflicted can be substantial, warranting the development of robust resistant varieties. The resistant lines identified in this study can be used as sources of resistance in breeding programs to develop wheat varieties resistant to stripe and leaf rust diseases.

Leaf rust, caused by the pathogenic biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina (Pt), is one of the most destructive wheat diseases worldwide and its negative impact on crop yields is exacerbated by higher temperatures due to climate change. Ascarosides are nematode pheromones with resistance-inducing activities against microbial pathogens and pests in various crops. We investigated the effect of ascaroside ascr#18, the major ascaroside of plant-parasitic nematodes, on infection of cv. Boolani wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the virulent Pt race PKTTS. After spraying with ascr#18 in the micromolar concentration range 24 hours before inoculation with fungal uredospores, the number of rust pustules on ascr#18-treated wheat leaves was greatly reduced, by 55 to over 80%, showing that ascr#18 can induce resistance in wheat to Pt. Pretreatment with ascr#18 also further enhanced the expression of defense marker genes PAL and Chitinase 3 in response to Pt as compared with untreated Pt-infected plants. Our results are consistent with and further extend previous reports that ascr#18 triggers plant immunity and primes plant for protection against pathogens. Given its broad protective effects at very low concentrations as compared to chemical resistance inducer, such as salicylic acid mimics, argue that it is an interesting tool for strengthening environmentally friendly, sustainable plant production.

Wheat is one of the most important crop plants that provides food for more than 80% of the world’s population. Wheat leaf or brown rust caused by Puccinia triticina is the most prevalent rust disease in wheat. One of the method of managing plant diseases such as wheat leaf rust is chemical control using fungicides, but this method has environmental risks. Therefore, utilizing beneficial microorganisms and environmentally-friendly chemical compounds is a sustainable strategy in the management of plant diseases. This method enhances plant resistance through induced resistance and reduces the damage caused by diseases. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of several biotic and abiotic inducers on the increase of induced resistance in wheat against leaf rust disease.

The sensitive wheat variety, Karim, was used to perform this experiment. The seeds were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochloride and germinated on wet sterile filter paper. Germinated seeds were transferred to plastic pots containing sterile soil and the pots were placed in the greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were including Trichoderma harzianum (5×105 spores perml), Pseudomonas fluorescence (with a concentration of 0.7), salicylic acid (with a concentration of 3 mM), potassium phosphite (with a concentration of 1 g/liter), chitosan (with a concentration of 400 ppm) and a positive control as check treatment. Thestudied treatment were sprayed on wheat seedlings at two-leaf stage. After 24 hours, the seedlings were infected with the disease-causing fungus with a concentration of 106 spores per ml using a fogger. The treated and control plants were sampled to measure the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase enzymes at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after infection, and to evaluate the disease severity after 15 days. SAS software was used for analysis of variance and comparison of means by Duncan’s test at 5% probability level and Excel software was used to draw two-dimensional graphs.

The results indicated that there was a significant difference in enzymes activity levels between the studied treatments and the control treatment. Potassium phosphite and Pseudomonas fluorescens treatments showed the highest increase in the activity level of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzymes immediately after the inoculation of P. triticina compared to control treatment. Furthermore, the three treatments of P. fluorescens, chitosan and potassium phosphite at 24 and 48 hours and the three treatments of P. fluorescens and T. harzianum and chitosan at 72 hours after the inoculation of P. triticina had the highest increase in activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzymes compared to the control treatment. The results showed that there was a significant difference in disease spread in 15 days after the inoculation of P. triticina between the control treatment and other treatments. The disease symptoms in potassium phosphite, P. fluorescens, chitosan, T. harzianum and salicylic acid treatments decreased by 22.38%, 40.29%, 44.77%, 52.23% and 58.20% compared to the control treatment, respectively.

The results of this study showed that biotic inducers such as T. harzianum fungus and P. fluorescens bacteria and abiotic inducers such as salicylic acid, chitosan and potassium phosphite had a significant effect on the control of wheat leaf rust disease in greenhouse conditions. It seems that a part of the pathogenic process of P. triticina fungus in wheat plants is due to decrease in the levels of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes, which leads to the breaking of inherent resistance in the plant and the appearance of disease symptoms. It can be concluded that biotic and abiotic inducers can increase the level of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in diseased plants, and reduce the number of brown rust leaf spots. Therefore, these inducers may be a suitable alternative for chemical compounds in the future.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the flora, damage and determine the critical period of weed control in Camelina plant.

This experiment was conducted in the crop year 1402-1401 in the form of a randomized complete block design, which included two groups in three experimental treatments; The first group includes weed interference treatments from the beginning of the growing season to the end of the 2-leaf, 4-leaf, 6-leaf, 8-leaf growth stages, the beginning of flowering, the beginning of fruiting, and then manual weeding of weeds, and the second group of non-interference treatments. Weeds included manual weeding of grasses from the beginning of the growing season to the end of the 2-leaf, 4-leaf, 6-leaf, 8-leaf growth stages, the beginning of flowering, the beginning of fruiting, and then no weed control). The results of this research showed that by reducing the leaf area index of camellia plant and consequently reducing the production of dry matter produced due to the competition of weeds, the yield and performance components were also affected. The highest number of pods per plant was obtained in weed interference treatments up to 2 and 4 leaves, and the least number of pods per plant was obtained in the stages of interference until the beginning of flowering, mid-podding and harvest. The highest number of seeds per pod and the weight of 1000 seeds were obtained in the interference treatment until two leaves of Camelina plant and the least in the interference treatments until the beginning of fruiting. Also, the results showed that increasing the length of the weed-free period (weed control period) increased grain yield and biological yield.

Yellow or stripe rust caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of wheat's most prevalent diseases. It poses a significant threat to wheat production worldwide, including in Iran. Diseases are considered one of the most significant biological challenges that can reduce wheat performance by up to 20% globally. Given the total wheat production, this incurs an economic impact of several hundred million dollars. Annual losses caused by rust diseases in wheat are estimated to reach up to 50 million tons worldwide. Integrated management using agronomic and chemical control methods and genetic resistance (developing resistant cultivars) is considered the most effective strategy for controlling this disease. Identifying sources of resistance at various genetic levels within wheat germplasm is crucial in national wheat breeding programs for establishing effective and heritable genetic resistance against this disease.

Two distinct races with high and low virulence were obtained from the yellow rust pathogen collection of the Pathology Unit at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute for phenotypic screening of resistance in wheat cultivars and promising lines at the seedling stage (under greenhouse conditions). The elimination of urediniospores from other rust species was achieved through several rounds of purification on the susceptible Bolani cultivar using the rub-in method. To identify effective and stable resistance sources against yellow rust pathogen races, the resistance reaction of 41 commercial cultivars and 45 promising wheat lines (from four climatic regions of the country), along with the sensitive cultivar Bolani (as a control), was evaluated at the seedling stage against two yellow rust races from the pathogen collection of the Pathology Unit at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, with high and low aggressiveness (174E191A+, Yr27 and 6E134A+, Yr27), and at the adult plant stage in the research station of the Ardabil (Moghan) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center.

In the 2023 and 2024 growing seasons, the climatic conditions in the Moghan Plain were highly conducive to the emergence and spread of yellow rust disease. The weather was characterized by cool temperatures ranging from 8 to 17 degrees Celsius and high relative humidity from late March to mid-May. During the 2024 growing season, the prevalence of yellow rust disease was notably more severe in various regions of the country, particularly in the northern areas. The resistance genes Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, YrSU, and YrSP were identified as effective resistance genes against the yellow rust races. The results indicated that approximately 56% of the commercial wheat cultivars exhibited acceptable resistance reactions, while about 44% lacked effective resistance (showing intermediate to susceptible reactions). Furthermore, around 87% of the promising wheat lines displayed acceptable resistance reactions, whereas about 13% lacked effective resistance. The yearly variation in results could be attributed to differences in the abundance and virulence of dominant pathogen populations in the region, and environmental conditions affecting the two years.

The findings of this study indicate that heritable genetic resistances are present in most of the commercial cultivars currently cultivated extensively and in the lines nominated for introduction as new commercial wheat cultivars. In the present study, the number of wheat cultivars and promising lines exhibiting resistance to yellow rust races was greater than those showing susceptibility and intermediate susceptibility. This indicates that effective resistance genes have been incorporated into the new wheat lines within breeding programs. New wheat lines must possess high yield potential and desirable agronomic traits and demonstrate acceptable levels of resistance to the most significant wheat diseases, particularly rusts, to be introduced as commercial cultivars. If they do not possess such resistance, they should be discarded, as environmental conditions during the growing season can favor rust pathogen activity, especially yellow rust, leading to significant yield losses. The identified resistant cultivars and lines from this research can be utilized in breeding programs to develop wheat cultivars resistant to yellow rust.

In order to study microfacies, diagenetic processes, sedimentary environment, and sequence stratigraphy of the Tele Zang Formation in the Lab Sefid oil field, two wells (No. 1 and 5) were analyzed. Based on the study of 250 thin sections prepared from cuttings, 8 microfacies were identified and deposited in an homoclinal carbonate ramp. On a larger scale and considering the stratigraphic equivalence of the Paleocene-Eocene sediments in the studied area, a carbonate shelf sedimentary environment can also be proposed for the Tele Zang Formation. The major diagenesis processes that have affected the Tel Zang Formation include micritization, neomorphism, dolomitization, dissolution, cementation, compaction, pyritization, hematitization, and fracture. The identified diagenetic processes are the product of shallow marine to deep marine diagenesis. According to lithological changes, gamma log changes, and vertical changes of microfacies, the sequence stratigraphy of Tele Zang formation in well No. 1 of the studied field was evaluated, and one complete third depositional sequence was recognized. In well number 5, a typical third depositional sequence with Pabdeh Formation was detected, such that the closed sedimentary facies group TST is the pelagic facies of Pabdeh Formation with high gamma log values and low resistivity and the closed sedimentary facies group HST is thin to thick limestone layers of the formation. It includes bell traps with low log gamma values and medium to high resistivity. In general, the transgressive systems tract in the studied sequence is characterized by a slight increase in the log gamma value in the sequence, and a decrease or constant log gamma values characterize the highstand systems tract during the thickness of the segregated depositional sequence. The critical point about this systems tract is the equivalence of this systems tract with the increase of reservoir potential along the length of the reservoir.