The implementation of leniency institutions is one of the modern achievements of criminal sciences in response to criminal phenomena, and its effective application requires the establishment of legal frameworks and the shaping of an optimal model for these institutions. This study, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of identifying legal scholars' perspectives on criminal policy in utilizing leniency institutions, also addresses the main question: What is the status of leniency institutions in the criminal policies of Iran and France? The results revealed that the status of leniency institutions has been established in both Iran and France; however, in France, the issue progresses with the priority of reducing imprisonment and revolves around dialogue between the victim and the offender. In contrast, in Iran, it predominantly focuses on the suspension of prosecution and the halting of investigations, which in some cases also leads to the elimination of prison-related measures. Additionally, one of the operational challenges of leniency institutions is that the legislator, without considering the existing resources in society for implementing the laws, enacts laws, regulations, and guidelines. This is while there must first be the means for enforcement, and only then should laws and regulations be enacted in accordance with the available resources. Therefore, in areas such as preserving human dignity for individuals unaware of the law and enacting laws to guide offenders away from passivity and towards reducing imprisonment, measures can be proposed to overcome challenges in this field.

The role of the prosecutor in criminal detention is one of the important and controversial issues. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to examine the question of what role does the prosecutor's office play in the management of criminal prosecution in Iran and the United States of America? The present article is descriptive and analytical and has investigated the mentioned question by using the library method. The findings indicate that the prosecutor's office in Iran is appointed and affiliated with the judiciary, while in the United States it is elective and affiliated with the executive branch. In both legal systems, criminal prosecution is managed by the prosecutor's office; With the difference that in America, by accepting the principle of having the status of prosecution, the prosecutor's office has wider powers in the management of criminal prosecution. Trimming the prosecutor's office in Iran and transforming this institution into a strong and efficient management of criminal prosecution requires that, first of all, While in the American legal system, the focus of prosecutors is on the management of criminal prosecution and the society is sensitive to the performance of the prosecution in the management of criminal prosecution and as a result of correcting the wrong procedures of the prosecution institution, it has become the desire and demand of the society regarding the correction of wrong procedures in the case of the prosecution. There is no such demand in Iran.

Impeachment is an institution that can remove high-ranking officials of the executive who are disqualified and unfit to continue the office. Impeachment could be seen in the constitutional law of all kinds of political systems, including presidentialism, semi-presidentialism and the parliamentary Republic. In some instances of domestic research, we see the fusion of impeachment and interpellation, which sometimes leads to mistakes leading to deduction. Scrutinizing the terminology of impeachment is the solution for such fusion. Accordingly, the question of the research is: what are the elements of impeachment in order to recognize it from interpellation? By the descriptive-analytic method, the research concludes that differences in officials and differences in grounds of removal are the most important elements and parameters for the distinction of these two terms. While impeachment targets officials with protected tenures or terms of office, interpellation is practiced mostly where ministers are subject to the confidence of the parliament. The common ground of Impeachment is removing a person or persons in the government whom the legislature deems unfit to continue in office due to subversive acts against the country and grave violations of public trust, which contain several instances like violations of law, corruption and treason. In addition, the procedure, stages and outcomes of impeachment and interpellation would be distinguished in many aspects. The paper is about to explain impeachment and distinguish it from interpellation.

The protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals and promotion of the judicial structure is achieved by observing the judicial guarantees regarding the supervision of prosecution and investigation. Judicial guarantees are a set of essential requirements and prerequisites that must be considered in the law or practice during the supervision by the judicial supervisors of the prosecution and investigation and the executive guarantee must be considered for it. This research focuses on the qualitative method, using in-depth interview tools and document analysis, by examining the judicial guarantees to promote and strengthen the monitoring of prosecution and investigation. The findings of the study indicate the need to apply several judicial guarantees, including transparency in supervision, the need to pay attention to the position of the principle of good faith in the field of supervision, the need to enforce and justify decisions, maintain the organizational independence of the supervisory and supervisory institutions, adapt the facilities available to the judicial authority, prevent regulatory centralization.

The series robots have nonlinear dynamics with together uncertainties in joints’ forces and robot’s model. For the fuzzy control, two parameters of angular position and angular velocity are usually used as the linguistic variables. This method is similar the PD controller, and, consequently it cannot track a desired trajectory and it have a steady-state error. In the present paper the summation of errors is additionally used as a linguistic variable. Using three linguistic variables of error, error derivative and error integration for the angular position, trajectory tracking of a RR series robot is performed for its uncertain dynamic model. This method is similar the PID controller, and, consequently it can track a desired trajectory. Additionally, the presented fuzzy PID controller is not sensitive to the noise and uncertainty, and, it presents better results than a classic PID controller

An emergency situation is an abnormal condition that leads to alterations in the application and enforcement of laws and regulations. The COVID-19 pandemic, as an example of such an emergency situation, has resulted in changes to criminal procedure processes and has impacted the rights and freedoms of individuals through suspension or limitations in accessing certain rights. Among the stages of criminal proceedings, given that preliminary investigations represent the primary aspect of citizens' rights and freedoms in relation to order and security, it is assumed that this phase has been most affected by the pandemic. The purpose of this study is to examine the differentiated aspects of the preliminary investigation phase in response to the emergency situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is based on a documentary-library method and employs a descriptive-analytical approach. It is considered applied research in terms of its objective. The findings indicate that, following the COVID-19 situation, preliminary investigations have faced numerous changes and developments, with some citizen rights and freedoms being suspended or restricted. These suspensions and restrictions have led to the differentiation of this stage of criminal proceedings, both in the initiation of prosecution and in the commencement and execution of preliminary investigations. The results show that the emergency situation arising from the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased powers for prosecution authorities and law enforcement officials at the stage of initiating prosecution, which has continued to impact the suspension and limitation of citizens' rights and freedoms. This includes limiting the right to attend investigations, the prohibition on issuing detention orders and other orders leading to detention, as well as the use of lenient measures such as suspension of prosecution, mediation, etc., during the initiation and conduct of preliminary investigations. These aspects are among the most significant manifestations of the differentiation of preliminary investigations in emergency conditions compared to normal circumstances.

The Employment and unemployment issue is one of the disputed topics among sufists. In the Qur'an, hadiths (the statements of the prophet) and the prophet's life, occupation is emphasized. According to the tradition of the prophet of Islam, some mystics have emphasized occupation and others have suggested leaving it. Since mystics have different opinions about employment and unemployment in such a way that some prefer occupation and some prefer abandoning it, this article aims to analyze the employment and unemployment in mystic texts as much as possible. To answer the question ‘what is the status of the disciple in the discussion of occupation and joblessness it? The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data are collected through the documentary-library method. The results of the research indicate that the seeker (disciple) and the mystic, according to the requirements of their mood and rank, were interested in occupation and abandoning it, and there is a difference of opinion regarding employment and unemployment. Mystical books arose from this issue, and getting job and trust in God is one of the requirements for the states of ecstasy and fatality.

Reducing the severity of plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete pavements by using new materials and comparing with traditional methods by using new analysis methods can increase the durability and improve the performance of concrete pavements. The current research examines the comparative effect of macro polypropylene fibers and reinforcement bars in controlling and reducing plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete pavements. The severity of cracking in the reference concrete mixture, steel bars mesh at intervals of 100 x 100 mm and macro polypropylene fibers in the amount of 1.8 Kg/m3 was evaluated according to the ASTM C1579 standard method. The results indicated that both reinforcement bars and fibers significantly reduce the cracking area up to 40% in concrete containing reinforcement and 68% in fiber-reinforced concrete. The length of the crack changes more than the average width of the crack The cracking behavior of concrete containing steel bars mesh is similar to the cracking behavior of fiber concrete, as a result, macro polypropylene fibers may be considered as a suitable substitute for steel bars mesh. It was also seen that the effect of fibers in reducing cracking is greater than the effect of steel bar mesh.

In this study, the effect of delta ferrite formation and segregation of alloying elements on the mechanism of edge cracking on the surface of AISI304L stainless steel during hot rolling in Iran Alloy Steel Company was evaluated. For this purpose, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with two detectors, SE and BSE, and EDX analysis were used to examine the areas around the crack. The results was shown that the tendency to create edge cracks during hot rolling increases with enhancement delta ferrite content and the mechanism of crack growth is along the delta ferrite and the delta ferrite/ austenite interface. SEM studies of the crack-containing specimens in showed the number of micro-cracks in the areas around the main crack and the presence of worm-shaped delta ferrites and delta ferrite islands in the austenitic matrix. In addition, the segregation of the copper element also plays an important role in creating cracks in the surface of AISI304L stainless steel ingots during hot rolling.

Mystics employ a specific type of language, commonly referred to as mystical language, to express mystical discussions, educate their audience, and describe their own states and experiences. Consequently, understanding mystical concepts and related discussions requires familiarity with the various dimensions of mystical expression. There are remarkable similarities between this style of mystical expression, extensively used by Najm al-Din Razi in Mirsad al-Ibad, and what Strauss refers to as the art of writing in his book Persecution and the Art of Writing. These similarities are so significant that one could speak of the expression and art of writing among mystics in a manner akin to Strauss's discourse on philosophers. In this study, using a comparative method, Strauss's referenced art of writing regarding philosophers and the art of writing and expression employed by Najm al-Din Razi in Mirsad al-Ibad are examined to demonstrate the use of the art of writing and expression to safeguard against persecution among mystics.