Illicit drug use has been a continuous problem in Iran despite efforts to curb it. Researcher has looked into the relationship that exists between influential social factors and addiction. This is a summary of an extended research on sociological study of drug related crimes in Mazandaran Province. The main focus of the study has been to identify and analyze the social correlates of drug related crimes rate. It is an established fact that drug addiction has been increased in Mazandaran Province in the recent years. The researcher has been designed on the base of response to this question "what are the causes of drug related crimes rate variations among cities of Mazandaran Province?" The research unit of analysis is city and all cities of Mazandaran Province between 1375 -1380 have been studied and analyzed. The hypotheses are based on research theoretical framework. The research method of study was longitudinal-comparative method, based on secondary data. The data were secondary, cross-sectional data that relied on the Police Headquarters data. The data were later transferred to a statistical program to conduct data manipulation and statistical analysis. In order to perform the data analysis the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13 was used. The results show that there is a significant relationship between smugglers and drug addiction rate. A variable that frequently appeared as significant on the analyses was availability of drugs. Caution should be used when interpreting such significance since this variable is closely related to other variables and might be capturing the same effect as others. Finding a significant relationship would serve to establish the factors leading to problematic behavior and to improve existing programs for treatment and prevention. The findings of this study provide an insight as to other concurrent factors that affect illicit drug use. Theoretically, the study has been based on structural functionalism approach. The purpose of this study was to establish if there was an association between social factors in macro level and illicit drug use in Mazandaran province. Five of the hypotheses proved statistically significant, they include: effect of smuggler’s activity rate on drug addiction rate, effect of availability of drugs on drug addiction rate, effects of urbanity and availability of drugs on social disorganization, and the effect of smuggler’s activity rate on availability of drugs. The two hypotheses that were not statistically significant are the effect of the urbanity and social disorganization on drug addiction rate. Path analysis results indicate that availability of drugs, smuggler’s activity, urbanism and social disorganization variables are the most important variables for explanation of drug related crimes in Mazandaran Province, respectively. Several implications can be derived from this study one of such public implications is the modification of preventive programs designed to reduce illicit drug use.

The last two decades have brought about great developments in the structure of organizations and in innovative organizational Structure called virtual organization, has emerged. In a virtual organization small and self-sufficient units integrate thanks to communication and information systems. Such integration leads to creation of huge network of organizations capable of break through. In virtual organizations, traditional boundaries are eliminated various cultures are annexed businesses are revolutionized or are redesigned. All these developments are rooted in information and communication technology. (ICT) As an applied, descriptive and small-scale endeavor, this study was conducted using questionnaire for the data collection and factor analysis of PCA for the data analysis. The findings revolve areas: "infrastructure", "human resources", " culture and society", "management" and "other parameters" as main obstacles to the creation and development of virtual organizations. Respectively on infrastructure effects 9 (Σ= 24 indices), on human resources effects 8 (Σ= 25 indices), on culture and society effects 7 (Σ= 16 indices) and on others effect 6 (Σ= 17 indices) were explored.

In addition to suffisticated instructional instruments and resources, the advent of networks such as the internet has caused a revolution in instructional methods and has made it possible to deliver virtual instruction to a wider range of learners across the globe. Based on principles of web-based learning, the present study aimed to explore vitrual instruction of Persian to non-Persian learners through two websites: the Persian Language And Literature Promotion Council (inside Iran) and Virtual Persian (outside Iran). The strengths and weaknesses of these two websites were examined with the aid of a checklist. The ten criteria of the checklist included transparency of the icons, lesson management and feedback mechanism, accessibility, applicability and synchrony, assessment strategies, consolidation of content in memory, lesson plan and the structure of lesson content and display, interaction and cooperation, appearance, and cultural apprpriateness. For each website, ten participants who were familiar with virtual learning were asked to explore the website’s instructional contents and affordances and answer the 36 questions of the checklist. Based on the answers, in the conclusion section strenghths and weaknesses of the websites are discussed and some suggestions are offered for the improvement of virtual instruction of Persian language.

The results of the recent researches suggest that addiction threatens physical, mental, social, and cognitive health in addition to physical health. Of course, the disruption of psychological, social, and cognitive functions can also lead an individual to addiction. This relation is reciprocal, in a way that psycho-social and cognitive dysfunction can lead an individual to addiction.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive function of inhibition and planning of tendency to addiction in adolescents. This causal-comparative study was conducted in two stages. In stage one, 570 freshmen from Arak University (aged18-20) were selected. They were asked to answer the Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS) (Zargar 2006). Based on the performance in IAPS, a group of 44 students with high- and a group of 45 with low score (10% of top and 10% of bottom) were selected for stage two. In stage two, participants were asked to perform two tasks: Stroop and Tower of London tests to measure cognitive inhibition and planning respectively.
Results of performing two sets of MANOVA revealed that there is no significant difference between high and low groups in stroop task, but the difference in Tower of London measures were significant, and low group had better performance.
It might be a remarkable result, and we may be able to conclude that cognitive functions, specifically cognitive planning, are good predictors of tendency to addiction in adolescents.

Social media especially cyberspace has caused many changes in the life and lifestyle of people. The causes and the tendency of people to the space are because of individual characteristics and social factors. Such a lifestyle is also associated with various outcomes. Based on the opinion of experts in this field, one of the consequences, is the growth and consistency of emotional divorce which is the consequence of investment strategies, individually or collectively, consciously or unconsciously in the creation and reproduction of social communication.
The purpose of this article is to explain the lifestyle influenced by the virtual space and its impact on emotional divorce survey among 361 couples of city of Ilam taken in 1395. Sampling was done randomly, Data analysis was done using SPSS software.
The findings of this study are as follows: mean score of lifestyle influenced by the virtual space are the same among men and women. The mean score of lifestyle influenced by the virtual space in terms of socio-economic and marital status are different. Also significant relationship between lifestyle and emotional divorce is affected by the virtual space.

In today's world, social and virtual media are [almost] one of the main pillars of politics and policy- making. Both political structure and human subjects use these tools to achieve their goals and interests. Nevertheless, there are controversy about the positive or negative effects of social and virtual media in the process of democratization; This the medias, while inherently contributing to the contradictory function of "service and betrayal", depend on the accidental and lateral function of "the nature of political order".The emphasis of the present study is that the impact of adverse effects on the weak (fragile) and sometimes negative effects of social and virtual media in the process of democratization is more than inherent complications, Because the undemocratic nature of the political order does not allow the formation of a public space and the connection between virtual space and real. The case study of the ruling party of the AKP (2002-2019) confirms this claim .

The Covid-19 outbreak crisis in 2019 ushered in a new chapter in the development of virtual communication systems. Social networks can be considered one of the most successful tools in the field of information technology which always plays an important role in such situations. Availability, low cost, high reliability, popularity, and scalability are some of the key features of social networks that make them very instrumental in telemedicine development.

In this research, a new cycle in telemedicine systems based on virtual social networks, through the agile development method, has been built up; so that the processes of prevention, identification, diagnosis, and treatment would be efficiently followed, using a social network with a robot-making platform for easy scalability.

 Considering the effects of events such as the Covid-19 pandemic, social networking platforms can be used as practical tools for screening, prevention, treatment, and treatment, due to their accessibility. To reduce the psychological burden on society in acute and special situations, these platforms can be adopted as a strategy for virtual therapy by healthcare staff.

The possibility of creating messaging platforms and developing interactive robots are among the advantages of social networks. This method is easy to develop and low-cost. Thus, a dynamic relationship with users through the possibility of telemedicine, acquired from messaging social networks, can be established.

Security is one of the most basic needs for humans and its absence is a big challenge for human societies. On the other hand, virtual space and internet social networks are one of the most important tools for showing the effects of globalization. This virtual space creates a wide field of information and different semantic expressions. Virtual social networks can have positive and negative effects in the communication process.

The research method of this research is applied and its method is based on descriptive-analytical method. In order to collect the required data, documentary and field methods (questionnaire) have been used. The population of statistics, the users of the questionnaire was 200 social network users of Kerman city. The sampling method was random and multi-stage cluster type. It has been used to measure 17 items in the form of 4 indicators. Also, data analysis has been done using T, correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods.

The results of the research show that 4 social security indicators are above the average level from the point of view of cyberspace users, and there is also a strong and statistically significant correlation between the social security indicators.

The present study was conducted to investigate childhood injuries and social cognition with smartphone addiction with the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in college students. The research was conducted by the correlational method of structural equation modeling, and the statistical population of this research included all students of Imam Khomeini International University (RA) in the academic year of 2022-2023, 240 of them using multi-stage cluster sampling method as The sample was considered, of which 19 questionnaires were excluded from the statistical analysis due to incompleteness And finally, 221 people were included in the study. The research tools were the CTQ Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Cohen's Eye Mind Reading Questionnaire, SAS Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire, and the short form of Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. Based on the results of Sobel's statistic, the effect of childhood trauma and social cognition due to early maladaptive schemas on smartphone addiction was significant at (p<0.05) level, and The coefficient of determination of smartphone addiction variable in the modified model is 0.46, which shows that exogenous and mediating variables can predict 46% of changes in smartphone addiction. Based on the findings of the research, childhood traumas, and social cognition can play an influential role in the occurrence of smartphone addiction.

on March 16, 1988 chemical attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja by Iraqi forces under Saddam Hussein, the largest ever chemical weapons attack,killed between 3000 to 5000 civilians, and injured 7000 to 10000 ones.Despite the depth and severity of this tragedy, due to the victims' lack ofaccess to the media, it did not make a clear image in the world public opinion and even among the Kurds themselves; but the proliferation of social media allowed victims to draw global public attention to the crime. This paper is to study the Kurdish activism in cyberspace by a focus on the 33rd chemical anniversary of Halabja through analyzing their hashtag activism on the social network Twitter. Research results show that 8 main axes in Kurdish hashtag activism are highlighted on Twitter, which include:Narration of the Halabja tragedy on Twitter, a manifestation of symbolism in virtual activism by republishing photos of Omar Khavar and his child, pursuing the suffering of this pain in the faces of the survivors, the media coverage of the Halabja tragedy worldwide, Halabja as a common pain, notforgetting the Halabja tragedy, the founders of the Halabja genocide, and switching between online and offline activism boundaries. Based on the research results, Twitter acts as an online public sphere for Kurds, enabling them to develop an alternative discourse on the Halabja tragedy by creating a media stream.