Virtual leisure is one of the new type of leisure in today society that has significant impact on intergenerational relationships. Virtual social networks with quick and easy access, overlap in time and space and provide special conditions for leisure. The main purpose of the article is to study the relationship between duration of use of virtual social network as virtual leisure and audience of these networks and its effect on intergenerational relationships; with consideration of zimel and mead theories. Survey method were applied with 1200 people as sample at national level. Results indicates there is a relationship between generational period and leisure in virtual social networks, there is also a reverse relationship duration of use of the virtual social networks and interaction between generations. With increase the time duration uses of these leisure, reduction occurs in intergenerational communication in the family. Different generational groups communicate in virtual social networks. There is no relationship between intergenerational communication and audience in the virtual social networks, and communication with family and relatives, did not result strengthening generational interaction. Increased membership in social networks has caused change the leisure pattern towards an active in cyberspace; such condition has the considerable effect on intergenerational relationships and changes in lifestyle. Also, spending virtual collective leisure time, even if with the family, does not lead to the strengthening of generational relationships.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT
In this paper, the international entrepreneurship alongside international readiness will be examined in relation to the success of companies' performance, which is a prerequisite for entering global markets in the field of international and global trade. The Rapid changes in the markets and demands leads to intense competition, innovation is a competitive advantage capability to achieve successful performance in international and even global markets.The theory of modern knowledge-based development introduces dynamic entrepreneurship as a fundamental condition for achieving competitive advantage in the complex global environment, making knowledge-based transformation and its increasing impact on economic growth in today's knowledge-driven economies vital. With fundamental changes in economic structures and the growing importance of innovation, invention, and the creation of new products, the need for an entrepreneurial mindset becomes more apparent. Ensuring the survival and continuity of organizations requires finding new solutions and methods to address challenges, which depend on innovation and invention, the creation of new products, processes, and methods. Companies with high levels of entrepreneurship continuously monitor the environment to identify new opportunities. Consequently, given the extensive market and significant investments in research and development, pharmaceutical companies aim to enhance their dynamic capabilities and increase their product innovation by expanding into other countries to survive in the competitive international market. Thus, the primary issue of this research is to determine how selected pharmaceutical companies with international entrepreneurship can achieve operational success commensurate with the necessary readiness for it. Innovation emerges as a key differentiator in the fiercely competitive 'Red Ocean' markets, where successful companies continuously innovate in products, processes, and resources. This strategic emphasis on International Entrepreneurship highlights the necessity for firms to be prepared for international markets, encompassing Marketing Intelligence and Networking. The core aim of research is to examine the significant influence of International Entrepreneurship on performance, emphasizing the International Readiness. International Entrepreneurship is recognized as an innovative action that, by leveraging existing resources, creates new capacities for wealth generation. It represents a company's overall innovation and foresight in pursuing international markets, accompanied by a proactive management outlook and competitive stance. These concepts are considered behavioral elements of a global orientation, indicating senior managers' inclination towards risk-taking, innovation, and proactiveness. The study proposes a primary hypothesis and four sub-hypotheses within a research model to explore this relationship. In today's business climate, where exporting is indispensable for survival and growth, the study aims to provide concrete evidence on how International Entrepreneurship affects Marketing Intelligence and Networking Capabilities, thereby facilitating successful performance in international markets.
This applied research adopts a descriptive retrospective approach based on the nature of the data. Data collection was conducted through field surveys using a questionnaire divided into three sections with 48 closed-ended questions, a 7-point Likert scale was employed to measure respondents' attitudes, allowing for a nuanced assessment of their perceptions and opinions. Results were obtained from the commercial managers or CEOs in 55 pharmaceutical companies which were active in Tehran. The questionnaire's content validity was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was verified through Cronbach's alpha. After ensuring the normal distribution of the research data, a demographic analysis of the respondents was performed, considering gender, age, education level, and position. The research hypotheses were examined using Structural Equation Modeling with Smart PLS software.
Discussion and The study affirms that International Entrepreneurship is a critical driver for business innovation and performance in the global market. It highlights the mediating role of International Readiness, which encompasses aspects such as networking and market orientation. The research reveals that while many firms engage in indirect exporting, a comprehensive understanding of target markets and competitors is often lacking. This gap, coupled with challenges in communication and coordination, has led to difficulties in fulfilling commitments to foreign customers, presenting significant barriers to successful exporting.
The findings underscore the strategic importance of International Entrepreneurship, where readiness is an integral part of the entrepreneurial journey. International Readiness is identified as a dynamic capability that evolves with a firm's international activities. The study emphasizes the need for firms to develop robust networks and a strong market orientation to effectively navigate the hurdles of internationalization.
The research concludes that International Entrepreneurship, along with a strategic emphasis on International Readiness, is crucial for driving business model innovation and performance in international markets. This entrepreneurial spirit, characterized by innovation, risk-taking, and proactiveness, is essential for companies to adapt and implement new ideas that lead to organizational change and foster a culture of continuous innovation. Moreover, companies must enhance their International Readiness through effective networking and marketing systems, which are critical for leveraging resources and opportunities in the global market. The research highlights that despite facing significant challenges such as sanctions and increased production costs, which impede their competitive stance and market positioning, Iranian pharmaceutical firms have the potential to succeed in international markets by focusing on niche markets and leveraging unique products and modern technology. The strategic nature of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran necessitates self-sufficiency in drug production, which, coupled with government support, can pave the way for overcoming external barriers and reinforcing the global presence of these companies.

The Asia-Pacific region generates over half of global economic activity (54.2%) and about 43.7% of global trade, and is the most dynamic region in the global economy. At the core of this is an increasingly dynamic, vibrant and entrepreneurial small-medium sized enterprise sector. Advances in information and communications technology, market liberalisation and moves towards closer regional economic integration (e.g. ASEAN, and prospective ASEAN+1, ASEAN+3, ASEAN+5 and ASEAN+6 arrangements) provide new opportunities, as well as new challenges, for regional small business entrepreneurs. In conjunction with these developments has come the increased recognition by regional governments, particularly in the wake of the 1997-98 financial and economic crisis, of the need for expanded entrepreneurial activity in the context of small businesses for the generation of regional income, employment, exports, investment, economic growth, poverty alleviation and regional development. This would also facilitate comprehensive restructuring of corporate sectors, with the aim of improving transparency, improving corporate governance, developing globally competitive enterprises, and further developing the region’s burgeoning and economically significant production networks. This paper reviews the contribution of small-medium sized business entrepreneurs in the Asia-Pacific region, the challenges and opportunities they face in the context of globalisation and regional developments, key capacity building areas, government support measures and potential competitiveness strategies for their survival and development.

The most important support for knowledge-based start-up businesses is their financing, as the most important challenge of those businesses lies in the financing stage. With the advent of Web 2 and social networks, crowd funding has risen as the latest method of external financing. So far, many exploratory empirical studies have examined various aspects of this method mostly based on the features of advanced countries and superior crowd funding platforms in the world. Hence, it is necessary to study crowd funding and to develop the method in Iran too. This paper aims to provide propositions, crowd funding business models, and a typology of actors of this method in Iran by analyzing the exploratory empirical data obtained from active crowd funding platforms in the country. The analysis is conducted of the empirical data of five active platforms and 307 campaigns. The results show that the internal platforms, although recently launched, have been able to attract 24771 funders and to raise approximately 20,379,773,066 Rials. The success rate of crowd funding in Iran is 54 percent, and platforms with reward and donation models have the highest success rates. Since this paper is an exploratory study based on empirical data, only nine propositions have been made.

In recent years, technology has been constantly changing and all organizations are forced to change with new technologies in order to maintain competitiveness and survive in business environments. Online Social Networks (OSNs) are new platforms for user-oriented websites and they have been increasingly noticed by various businesses. Applying these new interactive technologies bring several benefits to businesses. There will be a need for new types of managerial and social skills as well as a new type of decision-making process that will not be acceptable by the existing organizational structures.Given that one of the main concerns of managers is to measure the performance of organizations in order to optimal consumption of resources (inputs) to generate products (outputs), hence method of this study is a mathematical programming technique based on performance measurement using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). One of the most interesting methods in DEA literature to measuring the efficiency of organizations is the slack-based measure (SBM) model. In this paper, we use DEA-SBM method to measure the performance of printed newspapers as Decision Making Units (DMUs) on Instagram to identify the inefficiency factors of them. The findings show that two units of the DMUs under evaluation have been effective and other units have been inefficient. Finally, we have introduced practical targets for each DMUs to decrease on inputs and increase on outputs in order to improve the performance of inefficient DMUs using DEA-SBM.

Cash flow and profit are two important indicators for measuring the performance of a business unit. The future prediction was always a necessity in everyday life, and one of the subjects in which “The Prediction” has a great importance is economical and financial problems. The purpose of the present study is to predict future cash flows using regression and neural network models. Sub – separated variables of the accruals and operational cash flows were used to investigate this prediction. For this purpose, data of 137 accepted stock exchange companies in Tehran during 2009 to 2017 has been studied. In this study, Eviews9 software for regression model and Matlab13 software for Multi-Layer Artificial Neural Networks (MANN) with Error back propagation algorithm were used to test the hypotheses.The findings of the research show that both regression and neural network models within proposed variables in the present study have the capability of predicting future cash flows. Also, results of neural network models' processes show that a structure with 16 hidden neurons is the best model to predict future cash flows and this proposal neural network model compared with regression model in predicting future cash flows has a better and accurate function. Furthermore, in this study, it was noticed that accruals of assets compared with debt accrual and variables of operating cash flows with accrual components were more predictive for future cash flows.

The purpose of this study was Business management in crisis period caused by the coronavirus and to provide the factors, challenges and strategies. The qualitative research method was selected with a systematic exploratory approach. The statistical population consisted of two parts: human resources (professors, managers and analysts) and information resources (books, articles, documents, media, etc.). Adequate sampling was performed by judging based on theoretical saturation (18 and 48 documents). The research tools included the study of systematic libraries and structured exploratory interviews. The validity of the instrument was evaluated and approved based on the legal validity of the sample, the opinion of the experts and the agreement between the proofreaders. To analyze the findings, multi-stage conceptual coding method with system analysis approach was used. The final conceptual framework included 77 components, 22 dimensions, 8 perspectives and 3 identified levels. The three levels of the model include contextual-environmental, structural-functional and process-functional levels, the sub-variables of which are sequentially effective-effective against each other. Finally, the most important challenges and strategies in and out of the system for business management efficiency in crisis situations and Corona's economic record were presented based on the conceptual framework. Based on the general findings, it can be said that the management of sports businesses in times of crisis and economic recession requires the use of change and innovation strategy along with technology-based environmental networking.

The term “virtual” has been associated with real-world businesses and entities in recent years. Until a few years ago, the notion of “virtual” encompassed spaces such as websites, information networks, digital libraries, etc. But today, most of the citizens' time is spent in completely virtual spaces. Stores, businesses, monetary and financial activities, leisure and entertainment, etc. are all being transferred to cyberspace. The rapid pace of joining cyberspace has created a state of disharmony and exhaustion among businesses, especially large organizations. Many of them have embarked on digital transformation and implemented some programs, however, this process does not seem to be sufficiently tailored to meet the requirements, and organizations are to see “virtual transformation” as a complementary action and umbrella plan to cover sparse actions on their agenda. In this article, the concept of virtual transformation and its requirements and phases are briefly explained. Attempts have been made to look into the virtual transformation from different dimensions and to identify and introduce its key actors as well. The six steps presented in this article are deemed to provide useful insights for managers on their virtual transformation journey. The content of the article also can be seen as a starting point for extensive studies on the concept of virtual transformation.

Today, the development of women's businesses is recognized in the world as a source of job creation and entrepreneurship, if it is possible to complete the chain of clothing production of military organizations through housewives and in the form of small and small businesses. While creating entrepreneurship and job creation, it is possible to help the household economy and reduce the costs of military organizations. In this research, a combined and exploratory design has been used. The research method is the qualitative part of the basic theory and the quantitative part is descriptive-survey. The study population of this study includes; Elites and experts of one of the military organizations, specialists in the field of business and university entrepreneurship and housewives are tailors of military organizations personnel who were selected using theoretical sampling and snowballs. The data were continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The results showed that 63 concepts were extracted in 14 sub-categories and 6 dimensions including; Causal factors, contextual conditions, intervention conditions, phenomena, strategies and consequences were classified. The extracted model was also confirmed using factor analysis to confirm the structural equations and it was found that among the categories, the most weight was allocated to group and network activities with 69. and government and armed forces support with 60.

The tourism industry has undergone digital transformation during the last few decades with the emergence of new technologies. These innovations fundamentally create new capabilities for tourism businesses. Virtual tourism, as a new field, provides various opportunities to businesses so that they can achieve the goal of attracting customers, creating value and income. Max Kyuda version 2024 software was used and non-probability sampling method and snowball method will be used to sample the community of experts including 25 people and semi-structured interviews will be continued until the level of theoretical and data saturation. Interviews were conducted with tourism industry experts, professors of this field, commerce, IT and artificial intelligence. Then it ended with the research paradigm model. According to the research findings in the paradigmatic model, the components of the causal conditions are: the interaction of the metaverse environment with the customer, the behavioral, scientific and psychological characteristics of the customer and the technological infrastructure. And the components of the background conditions of culture and virtual communities and the interfering conditions of competition in the tourism industry It is virtual. The components of strategies are optimization of the customer journey process, communication, networking and cooperation with customers and data analysis and business intelligence, and as a result, the components of consequences are customer satisfaction feedback, development and management of the modern tourism industry, beneficial technology in customer experience and creating value. And the income is for the tourism organization and agencies.