An extensive study on the prevalence of seromarkers (HBsAg and AFP) of hepatocellular carcinoma among two low socio-economic groups of Karumanthurai tribes and Kanyakumari coastal populations were carried out. The results obtained suggest that the mean HBsAg value of tribal was more than that of the coastal population. The mean AFP of elevated and normal cases was found to be invariably significant (P< 0.01) over the two areas. Coastal patients tended to be significantly older than the tribal patients (P < 0.005, Wilcoxon rank sum test). All two racial/geographic regions showed a preponderance of male patients but this tendency was significantly more marked (P < 0.05) in the tribal group than in the coastal populations. Liquor habit and lack of personal hygienic practices were associated with the prevalence of HBsAg and AFP in both the areas. Surprisingly, a positive association has been found between the consumption of marine foods and reduced risk of HCC. Thus, the reduced risk of HCC among the coastal populations probably the development of immunity against HBV due to the dietary pattern of marine food consumption by coastal population.

Titanium dioxide is a pigment with the highest consumption amongst all other white and colored pigments in different industries which solely is produced from mining procedures and its consumption in Iran is thousands of tons per annum. In the present research, two new synthetic white pigments based on organic and inorganic materials were evaluated for their potential for substitution of TiO2 in white textile printing formulations. According to the results, both synthetic white pigments were capable of full substitution of TiO2 in textile printing formulations. Rubbing, washing and light fastness of printed patterns using synthetic white pigments were acceptable and inorganic white pigment showed very high stability even up to 600 oC whilst organic white pigment could only withstand temperatures of up to 190 oC.

Various approaches can be discovered for the way an Islamic Utopia and designing a pattern of its laws and features, is formed. The current paper which considers Mecca as the most Sacred Islamic town, seeks to present an Islamic Utopia by considering the most sacred Islamic city; Mecca, and her features based on the Quran and narrations. This descriptive-explanatory study is based on values and it attempts to show an Islamic Utopia by referring to narrative sources. Mecca and its most important symbol Kaaba is overwhelmed with deep monotheistic meanings and value and human symbols. Features like; the first home for human, the center of guidance and goodness, having glory, magnificence, security, the flag of monotheism for all, including all races and sects to know one another and in order to benefit from this great gathering, based on the two basic pillars of divine guardianship and exoneration from idolaters, it has given a great potential to Mecca as the Islamic Utopia.

Foraging behavior of subterranean termites is strongly influenced by environmental conditions and is related directly to termite damages. The seasonal changes in foraging activity of subterranean termits can affect the efficacy of baiting method in a management program. The subterranean termite, Anacanthotermes vagans (Hagen) (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae)is an important urban pest with economic damage in central and southern regions of Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seasonal changes on foraging activity and wood consumption in Yazd over a two-year period (June 2013 to May 2015). Foraging variations were monitored according to three variables including active stations, foraging population and wood consumption. 85 monitoring and 15 feeding stations monthly inspected. The results showed that foraging activity of A. vagans, is completely seasonal and begins after a quarterly stop in March and was highest from July to August. Comparison of foraging activity pattern changes with mean of temperature fluctuations and monthly precipitation showed seasonal changes in foraging activity is directly related to temperature. In addition, it appears the sharp decline in winter temperature may reduce the population of colony.

Now days, sharing data in communication systems and computers require high levels of Information security. Side channel attack is one of the methods which it is applied to attack cryptographic systems such as smart cards. In this paper, a new approach for countermeasuring cryptographic algorithms has been proposed and implemented on FPGA. The scheme is based on using Phase Locked Loop in AES algorithm which by disturbing power consumption pattern and execution time of different rounds, the resistance of the algorithm against power attack has been increased. Masking and hiding technique has been used to protect the encryption key. Overall, the proposed method has been simulated within TSMC 65nm technology platform and outstanding success has been obtained; in applying the technique to AES, the overhead was 13% in CMOS area, 15% in power consumption, 2% decrease in working frequency while finding the key became difficult for attackers. In addition, the proposed method has been implemented on FPGA and satisfactory results have been obtained for an acceptable number of samples of the power trace.

The use of agricultural machinery, fuel, fertilizers, and pesticides render agriculture dependent on energy and have negative environmental effects on water, air and land. Therefore, it is necessary to study the process of energy consumption for producting the different products and take the necessary measures to increase the efficiency and decrease the environmental effect of these inputs. In this study, we calculate the pattern of energy consumption in dryland rape, using energy ratio, energy efficiency, energy intensity and net energy addition and the environmental effects in three districts of Ilam province using the life cycle evaluation. In order to conduct the study, we obtained  the required data by using the questionnaire method to interview farmers and related departments. The results of this study showed that the average ratio of the energy for the dryland rape production in Chardavol, Darrehshahr , and Abdanan districts was respectivelyt 7.91,7.67, and 6.91. Based on the results of the life cycle assessment, diesel fuel had the maximum effect on reduction of inorganic sources, ozone layer depletion and water contanimation. Direct emissions had the greatest impact on acidification, river pollution, global warming and human poisoning.

Given the effect of climate on architecture, particularly in Iran's climatic conditions, and the limit to fossil fuels, appropriate architectural designs can greatly contribute to decreases in total energy consumption, using inactive systems solutions. One alternative is to design forms which are consistent with the climate and build space interior spaces appropriately. Schools, because of their space use patterns and the type of users as well as the time they are used (only nine months a year), enjoy a higher potential to be designed in a climatically friendly way. On the other hand, the average monthly temperature in Esfahan is lower than the standard thermal comfort conditions for 7 months of the year. In this study, using energy dynamics modeling, the effect of such factors as optimal form, the number of stories and appropriate placement of classroom spaces on energy consumption was investigated in a school in Esfahan. The results obtained from the analyses of the data revealed that the mentioned factors can reduce the amount of energy consumed by 9 percent.

According to Christine Norberg Schultz, the architec tural identity of ancient cities splits itself into four cosmic, romantic, classical, and compound patterns. But does this view applies also to Iranian-Islamic cit ies? Schultz introduces genius loci of the space in Is lamic cities in his classification of cosmic cities, but a quick look at the Islamic urban planning system re veals that this theory can be completely modified, at least in the geographical area of Iran. Do all Iranian cities possess a cosmic spirit? What is the model of Iranian cities according to the structural model of the theory of genius loci? Can the cultural and semantic dimensions of the environmental context proposed in this theory be accepted and generalized to Islamic en vironments? In this study, an attempt has been made to explore Iranian cities and pinpoint their urban model, and to localize this theory in Iran. The use of indigenous urban patterns in urban design is one of the valuable methods in this category that can help design and shape an identifiable city. Today, due to the spread of designs unrelated to the identity of cit ies and the disappearance of urban features, this identity is increasingly diminishing. The use of urban patterns is one of the useful methods in recovering this identity and characteristics. To this end, the pre sent study, using qualitative interdisciplinary studies, phenomenology and library studies and considering climate, landscape and urban studies and the impact of psychology on these components, attempts to pin down the genius loci existing in Iranian-Islamic urban spaces, thus revising Schultz’s theory. Thus, Schultz’s point of view and the theory of genius loci are first examined. This study analyzes Iranian cities using this theory in four forms: romantic, cosmic, classical, and the composition of his choice. According to the typol ogy of these cities, the studies are carried out from two perspectives: positional and semiotic, and in fact, the structure of Schultz’s theory has furnished a me dium for defining the indigenous Islamic identity. The results show that all four of Schultz’s models can be defined in Iranian-Islamic cities, so that the character and genius loci of each city are shaped by such factors as climate, beliefs and culture, civilization and past urban planning. Northern cities and some western and northwestern cities with humid climates have the genius loci of romantic places, central cities with dry climates represent the genius loci of cosmic places and northern cities and some central and western cities reveal the genius loci of classical places.
The original idea of the City Garden in Western urban planning to create sustainable complexes was further linked to the environment in the 19th century. This plan in the Middle East contains a spiritual con cept and was proposed in order to create an earthly paradise. Safavid Garden City, with its composite spirit, is a model for Iranian-Islamic cities as a utopia.

Recently, the increase in water demand and the pollution of water resources have threatened groundwater resources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the conservative scenarios of groundwater resources and its effect on the restriction of the aquifer volume reduction process using the system dynamics approach in Marvdasht-Kharameh plain.The current conditions of the aquifer during the statistical period of 2005-2018 were simulated and recalibrated according to the observed values of the aquifer volume. The scenarios have been applied in three ways to investigate the effect of climate change, changing the amount of water allocated to farmers from Doroudzan dam and changing the cultivation pattern under the scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 on the volume of the aquifer. In order to investigate the effect of climate change on Marvdasht-Kharameh aquifer in the period from 2021 to 2046, the rainfall data of GFDL-ESM4 model under two scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 were considered. The study of the impact of climate change and the release of the Darudzen dam showed that the volume and recharge of groundwater will decrease in the scenario SSP1-2.6 (50 and 49 million cubic meters respectively), and in the scenario SSP5-8.5 (54 and 67 million cubic meters respectively),. Also, by removing the rice crop from the cultivation pattern of Marvdasht-Kharameh plain in the future climate conditions under two scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, which will add 495 and 207 million cubic meters to the aquifer volume respectively, the greatest effect on increasing the aquifer volume will be achieved. It will have 30 and 50 percent reduction in the area under rice cultivation. Therefore, in order to manage and preserve groundwater resources, it is necessary to change the cultivation pattern and replace high consumption crops with low consumption crops.

Over the years, the process of studying, exploring, and extracting oil has undergone numerous transformations. On the one hand, the limitations arising from the depletion of oil reserves and the increasing global demand for this valuable commodity, and on the other hand, the growing dependence of industries on fossil fuels, lack of integration in optimal consumption patterns, labor strikes in the oil sector, wars, and political unrest, and instability in the oil market have led major oil-producing countries to implement a wide range of policies to achieve optimal conditions for oil exploration, extraction, and consumption. Moreover, global concerns about the depletion of strategic oil reserves and worries about achieving sustainable and lasting security in the supply of this product make it imperative to seriously address policy-making in the field of exploration and supply. This paper attempts to study the past and present trends of oil exploration and extraction, examine the main and root causes influencing this process through a system dynamics model, and conduct a content analysis on the best policy-making approach for oil exploration and extraction. The Vensim PLE 7.3.5 software was used to analyze the model components.