Background-Malignant cell-lines derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) express messenger RNA for transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-a) and parathyroid hormone-like proteins (PTHLP) in culture. The purpose of the present study was to determine the precise immunohistolocalization and tissue distribution of these bioactive peptides in paraffin-embedded sections of normal and diseased oral mucosa and to relate them to their cell-lines occurrences reported in the literature. Methods-Formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections of twenty-two primary oral squamous cell carcinoma, 18 benign and dysplastic oral epithelial lesions and 15 specimens of normal buccal mucosa were included in the study. Expression of TGF-a and PTHLP was determined immunohistochemically. Results-A detectable level of TGF-a and PTHLP was found in normal and benign oral mucosa. A higher level of expression was demonstrated in dysplastic oral lesions and the greatest staining level was found in oral SCCs. Malignant epithelial cells at the peripheral margins of the invading tumors demonstrated strong positive staining for both antigens. Conclusions-The in situ expression of TGF-a and PTHLP by normal and diseased oral mucosa was detectable immunohistochemically in formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections of oral mucosa and their occurrences were not altered by fixation methods used to process these tissues. Secondly, the expression of TGF-a and PTHLP was a reflection of dysplasia and loss of differentiation in oral epithelial cells. Thus, the immunohistochemical determination of these bioactive peptides may be valuable as an adjunct to conventional histology for detection of potential malignancies in histological examination of oral mucosal diseases.

DNA vaccines have been widely used to develop immunity against various pathogens including parasites and viruses. The potential of DNA vaccine to induce an effective immune response is related to the expression levels of the encoded protein in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, optimization of plasmid DNA delivery system is a major concern in protein expression in order to make an efficient DNA vaccination. Non-viral vectors such as polymers and cationic peptides have been recently known as efficient gene delivery systems into eukaryotic cells. In this study, transfection efficiency of HPV16E7 gene was evaluated by two non-viral delivery systems in vitro. DNA construct encoding HPV16E7 (pEGFP-E7) was prepared in large scale with high purity. Then, two delivery systems including polymer PEI 25 kDa and polymer-peptide hybrid as PEI600-Tat conjugate were used to compare their efficiency for HPV16E7 DNA transfection in vitro. Our data demonstrated that both delivery systems including PEI 25 kDa and PEI600-Tat are efficient tools for E7 gene transfection. Although the level of transfected COS-7 cells is higher using PEI 25 kDa in comparison with PEI600-Tat. Our study indicated that PEI potency for E7 gene transfection was higher than PEI600-Tat in vitro, but its toxicity was obstacle in vivo. Therefore, with regard to low toxicity of PEI600-Tat delivery system and its potent plasmid DNA delivery, it is critical issue to study its potency as new delivery system in vivo.

The effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase)، and sodium cholorid (NaCl) on chemical، and textural quality of chicken nugget was investigated in current study، using response surface methodology (RSM). The soluble peptide، fat absorption، expressible water and textural properties (breaking force، hardness، chewiness، adhesiveness and springiness) were assessed. Treatments had no significant effects on soluble peptide content، and fat absorption. The results indicated that enzyme and salt both were effective factors on expressible water (P<0. 05). Furthermore، increasing in MTGase and salt level had significant linear effect on springiness and deformation (P<0. 05). MTGase and time of incubation had synergistic effect on deformation (P<0. 05). Under higher activity of MTGase and incubation time، nugget deformation increased significantly. The higher level of MTGase، salt and incubation time were caused the higher hardness، chewiness and adhesiveness. The optimum condition for this experiment was MTGase activity، NaCl concentration، and incubation time of 1. 48%، 0. 85% and 25min، respectively. On the basis of the results، it can be concluded that MTGase can improve chemical and textural quality of low salt chicken nuggets.

Progress in the field of biology and biochemistry has led to the discovery of numerous bioactive peptides and proteins in the last few decades. Delivery of therapeutic proteins/peptides has received a considerable amount of attention in recent years. In this study، a two-step desolvation method was used to produce biodegradable hydrophilic gelatin nanoparticles (GNP) as a delivery system of protein model (BSA). The size and shape of the nanoparticles were examined by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Particles with a mean diameter of 200-300 nm were produced and the percentage of entrapment efficiency was found to be 87. 4. The optimum amount of theoretical BSA loading was obtained، the release of BSA was monitored in vitro، and the mechanism of release was studied. The BSA release profile showed a biphasic modulation characterized by an initial، relatively rapid release period، followed by a slower release phase. Results show that the two-step desolvation is an appropriate method for preparing GNP as a delivery vehicle for BSA.

The effect of exercise on appetite regulating peptides is an important issue that can help to find solutions for prevention and treatment of obesity. Also، there is not much information about it. Therefore، the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single session circuit-resistance exercise in difference intensities 40، 60، and 80% of 1 repeated maximum (1RM)، on orexigenic peptides/proteins NPY and ghrelin in healthy malestudent. Twenty seven male student with mean and standard deviation age (21. 40±1. 78)، height (1. 72±0. 045)، weight (68. 85±5. 39) and BMI (22. 99±1. 11) were selected and randomly divided into 3 resistance exercise groups with intensity of 40% (n=9)، 60% (n=9) and 80% (n=9) 1RM. Resistance circuit exercise program include trunk extension، skate 90 degree، bench press، knee extension، upper press، biceps with halter، sit up، tree ceps with halter، dead lift، rowing. Then ANOVA and Pair t-test were used for analyzing the data in SPSS. Analysis of data showed، acute circuit exercise with difference intensity had a incremental effect on ghrelin and NPY but there was not any significant differences between three intensities (ghrelin، p=0. 96 and، NPY، p= 0. 531). Also، within group effect of acute circuit exercise with intensity of 60% and 80% have significant effects on ghrelin (p= 0. 009) NPY (p=0. 002)، respectively Our study suggests that there is not any significant difference between effects of different intensity acute circuit exercise on ghrelin and NPY but it was more significant with increasing intensity of incremental effects of circuit exercise.

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are synthetic analog of DNA with a repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine peptide backbone connected to purine and pyrimidine nucleobases via a linker. Considering the unique properties of PNA, including resistance to enzymatic digestion, higher biostability combined with great hybridization affinity toward DNA and RNA, it has attracted great attention toward PNA- based technology as a promising approach for gene alteration. However, an important challenge in utilizing PNA is poor intracellular uptake. Therefore, some strategies have been developed to enhance the delivery of PNA in order to reach cognate site. Although PNAs primarily demonstrated to act as an antisense and antigene agents for inhibition of transcription and translation of target genes, more therapeutic applications such as splicing modulation and gene editing are also used to produce specific genome modifications. Hence, several approaches based on PNAs technology have been designed for these purposes. This review briefly presents the properties and characteristics of PNA as well as different gene modulation mechanisms. Thereafter, current status of successful therapeutic applications of PNA as gene therapeutic intervention in different research areas with special interest in medical application in particular, anti-cancer therapy are discussed. Then it focuses on possible use of PNA as anti-mir agent and PNA-based strategies against clinically important bacteria.

Bacteriocins are organic compounds or peptides synthesis via bacterial that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms and identical species by attacking a specific target. To take into account of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and more demand to food immunity, identification of strains producing bacteriocin with wide spectrum of hostage is necessary. So in this research determined antibacterial identification of five native lactic acid and entrococcus strains by using enzyme treatments such as catalase, lipase, α-amylase, trypsin and α-kimyo-trypsin. Then hostage spectrum of produced bacteriocin by native strains identified by disk-diffusion test. Variance analysis of enzymatic treatment data on supernatant of E6, DL3, H20, N, M, T2, AE2, and L27 showed existence of significant difference at alpha=0.01 for diameter of growth inhibitory zone among supernatant with adjusted pH and other enzymatic treatments. Mean comparison among enzymatic treatment data on supernatant of 15E and EL1 strains showed between diameter of growth inhibitory zone of supernatant with adjusted pH and treated with Lipase, trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin existed significant difference. Each of native lactic acid bacteria showed inhibitory growth pattern against positive and negative gram bacteria. Inhibitory zone of bacteria supernatant with pH=6 after treating with catalase, lipase and α-amylase was active with respect to antibacterial. This finding suggested that bacteriocin of this native strain has nature of peptide.

Lactic acid bacteria produce bacteriocin as antibacterial protein molecules with diverse genetic origins. Therefore, identifying the bacteriocin class of native lactic acid bacteria could lead to an understanding of the antibacterial function of these peptides. In this study, presence of two subgroup of bacteriocins (IIa and IIb) in native strain of Lactic acid bacteria was investigated. After screening of this strains against two Index microorganisms including Listeria innocua (ATCC 33090), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 1399) by disk diffusion assay, the five strains with highest diameter of growth inhibitory against these index pathogens was selected. The molecular weight of peptides secreted by lactic acid bacteria was estimated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Upstream and downstream sequences of the bacteriocin structural gene were used to identify bacteriocin-producing lactic isolates in the polymerase chain reaction. The results of SDS - PAGE showed bands with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa for these strains. Sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction product led to the identification of plnN, plnJK and plnEF gene regions in N isolate and plnJK and plnEF gene regions in M isolate. Therefore, isolates M and N have good potential for use in increasing the quality level of dairy products and animal feed. The multalign results of sequences showed showed that the native strains in Iran are very similar (99%) with Lactobacillus plantarum FQ and ATCC BAA-793 strains. Inhibitory effects against foodborne pathogens can be used if additional experiments are performed to isolate present bacteriocins in M and N native strains.

Understanding the mechanism of food intake is important for comprehending energy balance, obesity, and the body weight regulation. In particular, examining birds' appetite is critical for conservation efforts, managing human-bird interactions, and understanding the environmental implications of bird feeding practices. In this systematic review, using the PRISMA guideline, we investigated the mediators that were identified as factors affecting the birds' appetite in 2022 and 2023. In order to obtain the appropriate studies, suitable keywords were searched in the relevant electronic databases and an anthology of the desired articles was done. According to the findings, the central administration of adrenomedullin, apelin-13, lipopolysaccharide, neuromedins and spexin causes hypophagia in chickens, while the injection of adiponectin, neuropeptide W (NPW) and phonexin-14 increased the food intake of birds. Also, regarding the members of RF-amide peptide family, neuropeptide VF (NPVF) and neuropeptide FF (NPFF) weakened the food consumption of birds, while kisspeptin and prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) strengthened it. The effects observed in birds were similar to mammals in most cases, indicating the structural and general similarities in the regulatory mechanisms of these strains, on the other hand, the contradictory effects between the two species were probably caused by genetic differences. Finally, despite the progress made in identifying the factors and mechanisms involved in regulating the appetite of birds, it is recommended to conduct future studies using modern laboratory methods, especially cellular-molecular methods.

Spexin and Asprosin as multifunctional peptides, play a role in glucose metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the response of these two peptides to different intensities of interval training in women with type 2 diabetes. This study was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test to post-test design. 30 women with type 2 diabetes, aged 30 to 40 years, were randomly divided into three equal groups (n=10) including; Control, moderate intensity interval training (MIIT), and high intensity interval training (HIIT). The training protocol consisted of 12 weeks, three sessions per week, and with intensities of 70-75% and 80-95% of maximum heart rate, respectively. Before and after exercise intervention, serum levels of spexin and asprosin were evaluated by ELISA method. Intragroup changes were analyzed using a paired t-test and intergroup changes were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test with Tukey's post hoc test. The significant level was considered to be p≤0.05. The results indicated that in training groups, following 12 weeks of interval training, the serum levels of spexin increased significantly (p = 0.0001) and asprosin decreased significantly (p = 0.0001). Also, the insulin resistance index showed a significant decrease (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, it seems that HIIT and MIIT exercises can cause positive changes in the amount of spexin and asprosin, along with improving insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Based on the findings of the present study, HIIT exercises have better effects than MIIT training