Iran's judicial practice in cases where there is a conflict between the reasons for the prohibition of prosecution and the suspension of prosecution, is often inclined to the latter order. In this area, a question is raised; According to Article 13 of the Criminal Procedure Code, if the plaintiff passes away, is there any legal justification for issuing a suspension of prosecution for a behavior that, according to the investigation of the judicial authority, does not have a criminal character? The author is of the opinion that the issuance of a suspension of prosecution, considering the phrase "criminal order" at the beginning of the mentioned article and the phrase "forgivable crimes" in the mentioned paragraph, is related to the criminality of the behavior and if the behavior attributed to the accused According to the preliminary or extended judgment of the judicial authority, if it has a legal aspect or is considered a non-criminal matter, the issuance of a restraining order has priority, and the passing of the private plaintiff has no effect on the nature of the non-criminal matter or the cessation of this substantive assessment.This issue has been brought to the attention of the legislators of this country in the French criminal procedure law in such a way that conciliation or restitution of the complaint as the plaintiff's right in "special" public lawsuits causes the prosecution to stop. Therefore, in this regard, the point of view of some judges regarding the priority of formal suspension of prosecution over substantive prohibition of prosecution is not absolutely acceptable. The author examines the subject in an analytical and descriptive. According to the knowledge and awareness that was obtained from the reasons for issuing the prohibition order and the suspension of prosecution, especially paragraph "b" of Article 13 of the Criminal Procedure Law, it should be acknowledged that the reasons for the prohibition order cannot be combined with the reasons for the suspension of prosecution. Because if there are reasons for the acquittal of the accused, especially the lack of criminal description or the lack of attention to the charges against the accused, there will be no reason to raise the reasons for suspending the prosecution, especially paragraph "b" of Article 13 of the Criminal Procedure Law, and the private plaintiff's indulgence in behavior that is basically It is not subject to criminal prosecution, it has no effect in stopping the prosecution with a suspension order, and the judicial authority is obliged to acquit the accused with a prohibition order according to Article 265 of the Criminal Procedure Law. Likewise, It is worth noting that if the Emirates and the witnesses do not pay enough attention to or attribute the accusation to the accused or it is weak or basically the judge is faced with the lack or lack of evidence and at this stage and during the investigation, the plaintiff declares his forgiveness, to The reason for this is that all four aforementioned conditions are present, the issuance of the suspension order is the first, and there is no need to prove the crime or the existence of evidence to prove the claim in accordance with Article 160 of the Islamic Penal Code at the time of issuing the order.

Sometimes the prosecutor suspends filing or filing a case, subject to circumstances rather than prosecution, despite the occurrence of a crime. The prosecution authority in the national systems is the duty of the prosecutor. The question is, is the legal system of the International Criminal Court (ICC) approach to the principle of prosecution. Investigating the authority of the prosecutor in national systems and the International Criminal Court, from a comparative viewpoint, analytically-descriptive and using library resources, shows that the legal system of the Court has a systematic and well-defined approach to pursuing the necessary. Contrary to national prosecution systems, it is not the prosecutor's permission alone, but the joint task of the prosecutor and the preliminary branch. Although the prosecutor is independent in his performance, his decisions are under the supervision of the branch office. The selection and prioritization criteria for pursuing the most important crimes and the monitoring mechanism are in line with the principle of prosecution and the promise of a fair trial in the Court, and can be a suitable model for the uniformization of investigation and prosecution practices in national systems, including the Iranian criminal system Which has not been shown to be a valid requirement.

According to English legal system, misrepresentation is actionable when before the conclusion of the contract and with the intent to induce the other party, the misrepresentator makes a false statement as to material facts of the contract. In Iranian legal system which is derived from Islamic law, misrepresentation is actionable provided that the misrepresentator deceives the other party and the latter –because of deception – enters into the contract. Generally, in Islamic law, all kinds of acts and omission and nondisclosure which lead to the deception of other party may be actionable misrepresentations. However, there are some exceptions in these two legal systems: statement of opinion and puffery are not actionable misrepresentations. The bases of actionable misrepresentation in English law are common law, equity and Act of 1967, while, in Iranian law, the bases of actionable misrepresentation are rule of Tahzir, Ghorur and civil code.

One of the wargaming tools for analyzing strategies is game theory. This article examines the role of differential games and especially pursuit and evasion games in the design of air wargaming simulators. In a given closed and bounded set N we study through models some specific strategies in a pursuit and evasion game. Then we design a method for solving a war game in the setting of chess game language by using the given strategies in each model. These games include two pursuers and one evader. The game must be done in the set N. Pursuit can be completed in two ways. First way: the distance between pursuers and evader becomes zero. Second way: with the given distance, the distance between pursuers and evader becomes this given distance. Assume two pursuers and one evader as defender aircrafts and attacker aircraft respectively. In a wargame in the setting of the chess language game we give a winning strategy which is promising for pursuers and obtain a sufficient condition for winning. Also we give a strategy in which evader will not be captured and derive a sufficient condition for that. Also we give another strategy and derive a sufficient condition in which just by adding one more pursuer, pursuers win the game.Keywords: Purser-Evasion, Chess, Strategy.

Re-prosecution of the accused after the issuance of a restraining order is one of the solutions envisaged by the legislature to ensure justice for persons who did not have access to sufficient reasons or reasons at the time of the trial. The grounds for re-prosecuting the accused are in line with the objectives of the criminal proceedings. These include achieving the Judicial truth, preventing norm-breaking in society. The main source of criminal investigation is the prosecutor's office, so the legislator has made the possibility of re-prosecuting the accused based on Article 278 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in this institution. In some cases, depending on the type of charge, the judicial organization and the personality of the perpetrator, step-by-step investigations are carried out in a source other than the prosecutor's office, and it is possible to issue a restraining order. according to the silence of the legislator, this ambiguity has arisen as to what the procedure of re-prosecution will be if the court issues a restraining order? Depending on the position of the court in Judicial system, if a restraining order is issued by the court at the preliminary investigation stage, it is possible to re-prosecute the accused, but contrary to Article 278, if the restraining order is finalized in a higher authority, there is no need to prescribe a higher authority because the court has independence. It is not like the prosecutor's office.

With the advent of international criminal court and tribunals, there are ne bis in idem provisions that restrict both the international and national courts in conducting subsequent prosecutions. Ne bis in idem rule can apply both horizontally and vertically. However, the function of latter is adjusting the relationship between international courts and national courts. The vertical ne bis in idem effect includes both "downward" and "upward" levels. The content and scope of the rule are not uniformly defined. In particular, ways to interpret the two decisive factors ‘Idem’ and ‘Bis’ vary considerably. In the interpretation of the term “Idem”, there is the ambiguity as to what stage former prosecution should be taken place in order to prevent a new prosecution. Another ambiguity relates to the term “Bis”; In fact, what is the Bis and in which circumstances second prosecution is double prosecution. Response to that depends on the test that is used by the court: the same conduct test or the same offence test. This paper by examining statutes and case law of international criminal court and tribunals concludes that former prosecution had to give rise to conviction or acquittal to prevent new trial. Depending on the upward or downward vertical Ne Bis in Idem rule, application of both tests is possible.

This paper presents the design and construction of a laboratory model for tracking a moving target object using image processing. The aerial robot is used as a follower and the ground robot is used as a target object. A one-degree-of-freedom robot is used instead of an aerial robot, and a moving mobile robot is used as a ground robot to move at different speeds. The distance error between the ground robot and the aerial robot is calculated using image processing and fed back to the aerial robot controller. The dynamic model is used to design the position controller. PID, PID-fuzzy controllers, and optimal linear integral control are designed using a dynamic model, and simulation is performed in MATLAB software. Using simulation to evaluate the performance of three controllers has been designed. The controller is selected using 4 criteria. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated by implementing the controller on a laboratory model. The aerial robot controller for real-time tracking of the target object and the object of sight is not out air Robot. The novelty of this paper is the design of an inexpensive laboratory model for the real-time implementation of moving a target object with a moving tracker.

When a crime is committed a prosecutor, as agent of prosecution of crime, should decide about the prosecution. There are two ways regarding prosecution; principle opportunity, legal prosecution process. Each country recognizes one of this ways with respect to its penal policy, circumstances of crime and generally culture of society. Alternative of prosecution arising from principle opportunity which is aimed ascertaining victim’s rights and rehabilitation of offenders. Because of existing similarities between criminal procedure of Iran and France, evolution of alternative of prosecution will be discussed in this article.

According to the principle of the necessity of criminal prosecution, upon the occurrence of a crime, the prosecutor, as the prosecuting authority, is obliged to prosecute the accused; but over time, society and public opinion have reduced their sensitivity to certain crimes and are reluctant to be prosecuted by the prosecutor. This can be due to the nature of some crimes, which, in principle, do not disturb the social order and security, or in the event of damage, the negative consequences of prosecuting crimes from the community point of view are far greater than prosecuting them. This situation compels the prosecutor to abandon the prosecution in the light of the principle of appropriateness or appropriateness of the criminal prosecution and to use the alternatives of the prosecution, such as the suspension of the prosecution, the filing of the case and criminal mediation; Because criminal law is a tool to achieve the goals of social policy, and consequently, social acceptability is the legitimacy of prosecution. In this case, the pursuit is expedient. In this article, we seek to examine how the prosecutor achieves public order and social security with expediency.

The present research is a research article and the result of the author's studies and researches in the form of library documents. And after reviewing the contents related to the title of the article and the necessary filings, it has been compiled and arranged.

The findings of the study indicate that in the light of the expediency of the prosecutor and by observing the conditions, both the interests of individuals and the interests of society are provided. By preparing public opinion as well as regulating the pursuit of expediency, one can hope for the effective establishment of public order and social security. The objectives of the investigation are to examine the expediency of the prosecuting authority in relation to the establishment of public order and social security at the community level and to answer these questions. What is the relationship between the prosecutor's expediency in dealing with crimes in maintaining public order and social security? And finally, what is the authority of the prosecutor in assessing the expediency of criminal prosecution in relation to the establishment of public order and social security?

The main message of this research is how the prosecutor achieves public order and social security with expediency. The prosecuting authority does not make the prosecution commensurate with the mere consideration of an interest or benefit. Rather, in order to convince himself and justify the judicial action, by evaluating the values ​​emphasized by the society, in some cases, it is possible to consider several benefits or interests of the victim / offender and the interests of the society separately or together; Then refrain from pursuing the accused; And may use other measures as an alternative to prosecution.