Pain coping strategies have been shown to be associated with severity of pain and well as physical and psychological functioning among patients with chronic pain. Assessment of coping strategies has received increasing attention and several measures of cognitive and behavioural coping have been developed. To date, the impact of coping responses on adjustment to chronic pain has not been examined in the Iranian chronic pain population. Present study: (1) investigate the reliability and validity of the Iranian adaptation to the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (IR-CSQ) and (2) examine the relationships between the IR-CSQ individual subscales and severity of pain, physical disability and depression. Two hundred and thirty one male chronic pain subjects with mean age of 41.43 years (sd = 10.39) completed the IR-CSQ and 3 measures of adjustment (present pain intensity, physical disability and depression). To determine the reliability of each of the 7 different subscales in the IR-CSQ, coefficient alphas were computed, using all 6 items in each subscale. The coefficient alphas were high, ranging from 0.74 to 0.83 which indicates that the 7 subscales of the IR-CSQ have satisfactory reliability (i.e., internal consistency). The co relational analyses of the data revealed that more Catsatrophising was associated with more severe pain, physical disability and depression. Also, more use of Ignoring Pain and Coping Self-Statement strategies was significantly associated with less severity of physical disability and depression. The co relational analyses also showed that higher perception of coping efficacy is associated with less pain, physical disability and depression. A series of 3 multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the IR-CSQ subscales and the 3 adjustment measures (present pain intensity, depression and physical disability). The results indicated that while higher Catastrophising in chronic pain was a significant predictor of more severe pain, physical disability and depression, the higher use of Ignoring Pain Sensations and Coping-self-Statement were predictive of less depression. The findings of the present study lend additional support to the importance of pain coping strategies in understanding patients’ adjustment to chronic pain. In general, while greater Catastrophising was predictive of more severe pain, depression and physical disability, the greater use of Ignoring Pain Sensations and Coping Self-Statement strategies were predictive of lower levels of depression. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

personality traits affect the copying style of individual coping styles. It has been shown that there are a relationship between positive personality trait and functional coping styles and negative personality trait and dysfunctional coping styles. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between personality traits and coping styles in a group of HIV positive and drug addicted male. The study group consists of 50 HIV positive and drug addicted males. Participants were asked to complete the NEO Personality and Coping style Inventories. Collected data were analyzed by statistical methods. the results of the study revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism and emotional – focused coping (r = 0/496), significant negative correlation was found between agreeableness and emotional – focused coping (r = -0/374), significant positive correlation was found between extroversion and problem – focused coping (r = 0/334) significant positive correlation was found between consciousness and emotional – focused coping (r = 0/330). Also we found that neuroticism significantly predicted emotional – focused coping in our HIV positive patients (R² = 0/25). The results of this study showed that there are a significant relation between personality and emotional- focused coping style in HIV positive addicted males.

Stress and anxiety are important factors that can highly affect athletes’ performance. They can also influence the mental and physical heath of the athletes. The aim of this study was to compare the stress-coping styles in two groups of athletes and non-athletes and evaluating its relationship with their mental health. One hundred athletes were selected randomly and 100 non-athletes were voluntarily participated in this study. Both groups answered the standard Yoo coping-styles and Goldberg general health questionnaires. Relevant statistical tests were used for data analysis. Athletes in comparison with non-athletes used problem-focused and emotion-focused coping styles more frequently, but, they used avoidant-coping styles less frequently (P<0.01). Also, in the former group, while the application of problem- and emotion-focused coping-styles were correlated with increase in mental health, avoidant-coping styles were correlated with decrease in mental health. In contrast, in non-athletes, using problem-focused and avoidant coping styles were correlated with increase and decrease in mental health, respectively (P<0.05). Regression analysis demonstrated that stress-coping styles could largely predict the mental health variation in athletes and non-athletes groups (P<0.05). Findings of this study provide more support for the importance of coping styles and its relationship with mental health in stress situations such as sport fields.

 The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the associations between expressed emotion, religious copings and shame-proneness, guilt-proneness amongfamily members of people with chronic mental disorders, and (2) examining the differential relationship between shameproneness, guilt-proneness and religious copings. Population considered as all of the families who have a family member with chronic mental disorders in Zanjan, Iran. We used convenient sampling method and finally 116 people accepted to participate in this study. Participants were asked to fill demographic checklist, religious belief coping scale, test of self-conscious affect, and family questionnaire (as an index for expressed emotion). Positive religious coping could predict expressed  emotion above and beyond other variables. Regarding the components of expressedemotion, 71% of families in criticism toward patient and 59% in emotional over involvement get scores higher than normal level[0]. Individual traits like shame proneness and guilt proneness do not predict expressed emotion and this might have indicated the role of other risk factors such as social stigma towards mental disorders

The purpose of current research was to examine the effects of mindfulness training on the use of coping strategies by ninth grade boys in Andisheh in academic year 2015-2016. To this end, Mowlana high school was randomly­ selected and Endler and Parker Coping Style Questionnaire (1990) was administered to all 9th graders. Forty students with the lowest grades on the problem-focused coping style subscale were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in one-hour weekly training sessions and had the necessary practice in mindfulness skills. One week after the intervention, the post-test was given to both experimental and control groups to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness training. The obtained data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results demonstrated that mindfulness training was effective in changing students’ coping styles. In fact, students receiving mindfulness training increased their use of problem-focused coping, as compared to the control group. In addition, the experimental group used emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles less in comparison to the control group.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between coping styles and critical thinking skills of university students with their perceived stress after Yasouj earthquake (April 2018). The research method was non-experimental and correla-tional. Statistical population of the study consisted of students of Yasouj universities in the academic year of 2017-18. The sample of the study included 280 students selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), California Criti-cal Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), and Coping Innventry for Stressful Situations (CISS) were administered. The results showed that there was a negative and significant relation-ship between problem-oriented coping style and students' perceived stress. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between students' emotion-oriented coping style and their perceived stress. The relationship between avoidant coping style and students' perceived stress was not significant. Critical thinking had significant negative relationship with students' perceived stress. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that emo-tion-oriented coping style, critical thinking, and problem-oriented coping style were respectively pre-dictors of students' perceived stress.

In times of the breach of a legal or contractual obligation by the injuring party, the injured party should act as a reasonable person and take conventional steps to prevent avoidable damages. This duty begins when an obligation is breached and the promisor become aware of the breach of the obligation and is capable to mitigate the damages. Given the lack of explicit prediction for mitigation of damages in Iran’s law, naturally, the terms and procedures of mitigation of damages have not been clarified too. Under what circumstances, the duty to mitigation of damages is imposed on the injured party? If the injured party is incompetent, who will take the responsibility for mitigation of damages? Is it possible to enforce the rules of damages in cases of likely breach of contract? Is the obligation of the injured party to mitigate the damages an obligation to means or an obligation to ends? A Comparative study of the American law and these and similar questions can, while identifying its strengths and weaknesses, help the case law and the legislator in clarifying the mitigation of damages rule.