In this investigation the effect of paraquat in concentrations 10, 15 and 20 mg/ kg b.w. have Been worked out in spematogenesis of Balb/C mice. The male mice from 9-10 weeks old age received above mentiond paraquat for two weeks intraperitoneally. The studied variables were the body weight,weight of testis, volume of testis,cell counting inside seminiferous tubules including sertoli cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm and Leydig cells, hormonal assay and fertility.The results of this study showed no significant effect on the body weight and weight of testis. Furthermore, a significant decreasing FSH level was detected in animals treated with paraquat. Also fertility was decreased in treated groups. It is suggested that paraquat may decrease cells kinds into seminiferous tubules in Balb/C mice in male repoductive system and its may decrease fertility ability.

Background and

Studies have indicated that phytoestrogens in soybean can influence the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of soybean on testicular tissue and pituitary-gonad axis in male rat.

Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham, and three experimental. Ânimals in the experimental groups received soybean extract for 48 days at doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg by gavage, respectively. The rats in the sham group received only water by gavage for the same period, as well. Ïn the control group received no treatment. Ânimals’ weight was measured before and after the intervention. Âfter that, the animals were anesthetized and the levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone hormones were measured by collecting blood from their hearts. Ïn the end, the left and right testes were removed and weighed. Quantitative and qualitative studies were done on the left testis of each rat.

Âdministration of soybean hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg did not have any negative effect on body weight, gonads, testicular function, and histometric parameters. Âdministration of extract with the highest dose used in this study (120 mg/kg) significantly decreased the plasma LH level, germinal epithelium length, and repopulation index (P<0.05). Furthermore, histopathologic studies did not show any damage on testicular tissue.Çonclusion: The results indicated that soybean in routine doses that used in this study did not exert considerable negative effects on testicular tissue and hormone secretion in the rats.

The pistacia vera contains the chemical compounds such as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids inhibit 5-α- reductase enzyme and unsaturated fatty acids cause increasing cholesterol level in body. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of pistacia vera on reproductive status in adult male rats. In this experimental research 40 male rat wistar strain were divided into 5 groups of eight, including the control group that received water and food, the sham group received an equal of distilled water as a solvent and the experimental groups received 1, 2 and 4 cc/kg bw pistacia vera oil for 28 days orally. At the end of the 28th day, the blood samples were taken, the testes were separated and histological changes. The results were analyzed by Excel, one- way analysis variance and t- test method. The results of hormone measurements showed that the pistacia vera oil with 2 and 4 cc/kg bw increased testosterone level in comparison with the control and sham groups. Histological examination showed that sperm condens in the seminiferous tubules of the testis in experimental groups was increased. the pistacia vera oil has probably caused increasing testosterone level and tubular sperm condense via inhibiting 5- α- reductase and increasing 17 – β – hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase enzyme biosynthesize that which might be because of the myristic and palmitic acid content of the pistacia vera oil.

Nanoparticles manufactured using nanotechnology, have always been a concern because of their toxic and harmful effects, despite having numerous benefits. In this study, the effect of gold nanoparticles on LH and FSH hormones as well as testosterone was investigated in males NMRI.
30 male NMRI were classified randomly into 3 groups of 10 including control and experimental groups where the mouse received 50ppm and 100ppm of nanoparticles. Then, gold nanoparticles were injected for 7 days using intraperitoneal injection and after the seven-day period, animals were anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine and blood samples are taken from heart. Then, they were dissected and testicle tissue was extracted to be prepared to perform histological studies.
In this study, significant differences was observed in concentration of LH and FSH hormones (increased concentration) in taken doses and significant changes were observed in testosterone hormone (decrease) in doses of 100 and 50 ppm that could be because of the inhibiting effect of gold nanoparticles on the performance of testosterone producing cells. Statistical calculations were performed using the statistical software version SPSS v.21.
Results of this study showed that gold nanoparticles change the amount of LH and FSH hormones as well as testosterone in male Syrian mouse and this will result in interference with metabolism system.

Several therapeutic effects have been reported for Peganum harmala and Piper longum. These plants contain flavonoids that probably can affect reproductive endocrine system and reduce fertility. In this study, the impacts of hydroalcoholic extracts of Peganum harmala and Piper longum on pituitary-gonadal axis were investigated. Male mice were divided into one control group and three experimental groups. The first experimental group received the extract of Peganum harmala (200 mg/lit), while the second experimental group received the extract of Piper longum (200 mg/lit) and the third experimental group received the combination of both extracts (200 mg/lit) for 30 days. After the treatment, spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids were counted and serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Levels of testosterone, FSH and LH showed a significant decrease in the first and third experimental groups in comparison with the control group. Moreover, the number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte and spermatid decreased in these groups. The results of the present study demonstrated that hydroalcoholic extract of Peganum harmala and Piper longum can decrease the pituitary gonadal axis function and spermatogenesis in male NMRI mice.

There are different factors affecting the reproductive fitness of organisms, such as the ecological and environmental factors, resource availability, and stress within their habitat. The challenging incidents in the organism’s environment result in activation of the response system of central stress mediated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This axis’s regulatory function controls such items as immune and cardiovascular functions, metabolisms, and reproductive system. Its activation shows reproductive function through various stressors. Through up-regulating glucocorticoids, stress can adversely influence fertility. Clinical studies and experimental data have demonstrated that stress signaling can have a mediatory effect during direct actions in gonads and reproductive system. The focus of this review is on the stress mechanisms via up-regulating glucocorticoids on male reproductive dysfunction. The individuals with abnormal Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) had higher serum FSH and LH and lower serum total testosterone compared to those with normal HADS. Besides, it was observed that in individuals with abnormal HADS, morphologically normal spermatozoa, sperm count, and motility are lower. For infertility of male cases, stress management is needed.

Gonad shielding is one of the fundamental methods by which to protect reproductive organs in patients undergoing conventional radiological examinations. A lack of or inadequate shielding of the gonads may increase the exposure of these organs and result in malignancies future generations.
The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of gonad shielding in patients undergoing conventional radiological examinations and the availability of gonad shields and gonad shielding protocols in radiology departments.
A retrospective, observational cross-sectional study on the application of gonad shielding, the availability of gonad shields and the existence of gonad shielding protocols in radiology departments was performed in five different hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran.
The highest application of gonad shielding was 6.6% for the pediatric hospital. The prevalence of gonad shielding was less than 0.2%. In 64.3% of the radiography rooms, at least one flat-contact gonad shield of a large size was available. Only large-sized gonad shields were available. Curved-contact and shadow gonad shields did not exist. Gonad shielding protocols were not existence in any of the fourteen radiography rooms investigated.
Comprehensive protection programs with on-the-job training courses for staff members are strongly recommended, as well as, the provision of radiological shields and gonad shielding protocols in radiology departments to reduce the patient’s radiation dose during radiological examinations.

Low fertilization rate and hatchability of cultured Dabry’s sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, are bottlenecks to the fish species protection, while adequate nutrients in body of subadult fish are crucial to successful reproduction. The present study was conducted to preliminarily understand the nutritional status of male and female subadults by characterizing the proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles in muscle, liver and gonad of farmed Dabry’s sturgeon with gonads at stage II through chemical analysis, gas chromatograph and high pressure liquid chromatography. The results showed that lipid content (47.24%) in gonad of females was significantly higher than those in liver (29.26%) and muscle (7.72%), while lipid content (39.43%) in liver of males was significantly higher than those in gonad (18.40%) and muscle (6.68%) (p<0.05). The protein content (5.81%) in gonad of females was significantly lower than those in liver (10.77%) and muscle (22.82), while protein contents in gonad (9.23%) and liver (8.72%) of males were significantly lower than that in muscle (20.83%) (p<0.05). The contents of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in gonad and muscle were the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). The content of arachidonic acid (ARA, 0.65%) in gonad of females was significantly higher (0.33%) than that in gonad of males (p<0.05). The results suggest that lipid and highly unsaturated fatty acids, such as ARA, EPA and DHA are accumulated in the gonads at stage II, which may play pivotal roles in gonad development.

Changing of chemical content (lipid and protein) of gonad and gonadal indices (oocyte size, fecundity, gonadosomatic index) of male and female of (Cyprinus carpio) from Gorganrud River shied during gonad maturation, was investigated. For this purpose, 5 sampling were done during spawning migration time. In each stage oocyte size, fecundity, gonadosomatic index, lipid and protein content of male's and female's gonad were measured. With nearing to spawning stage gonadosomatic index, oocyte size increased significantly (P≤0.05). Significant difference wasnt seen in lipid and protein content of male's and protein composition of female's gonad (P>0.05) but difference in lipid content of female's gonad was significant. But increasing trend was seen in gonad chemical content (lipid and protein) in both male and female.

Sea cucumber species are commercially important in the world. This study explored the reproductive biology of sand fish sea Cucumber in Qeshmisalnd in the Persain Gulf for a year, from December 2012 to November 2013. The macroscopic study intended to examine the features such as gonad color, gonad weight, their length and diameter, and specify the spawning season. Microscopic examinations included histological studies of Hemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained texture slides. We measured early, middle and final stages of gonad diameter by and eyepiece micrometer optimize. Gonad color of male at this stages is white – creamy and gonad color of female stage is orange – red. Based on these criteria, five stages of maturity were determined for both sexes. The result showed that winter is the spawning season in Qeshm area. The correlationn between gonad and different seasons shows meaningful difference (p