In this study, water management allocated to the agricultural sector’ was analyzed using stochastic dynamic programming under uncertainty conditions. The technical coefficients used in the study referred to the agricultural years, 2013-2014. They were obtained through the use of simple random sampling of 250 farmers in the region for crops wheat, barley, melon, watermelon and ruby grapes under the scenarios of drought, wet, normal, and water required in the most sensitive growth stages. Production function and profit function were obtained from the yield-water-product function of crops using Eviews software. Expected net profit of the system and optimal allocation of water were also calculated based on the GAMS economic analysis software. The results revealed that 14% of the cases over the past 30 years had wet years (high), 47% of the time and that 39% had experienced drought (low) and normal (average) years. In the best case, i.e. with high current levels, respectively at, 58, 67, 54, and 48% of water requirements for these crops and, in the worst case (with low current levels), 47, 35, 49, 53 and 48% of the water requirements provided during the most sensitive growth stages. Moreover, the results showed that the cultivation of the ruby grape was the best product with the highest expected profit in normal and rainfall conditions. In general, when the expected value of net profit is positive, managers would act optimistically and they would promise the optimal level of water provided to the farmers. Conversely, when the net value is negative they would prefer to be more conservative and would promise a lesser amount of water provided to the farmers. Hence, if the promised water to the farmer is not wasted, he will choose the loss incurred from a lesser harvest.

Nowadays all business scenarios are in a competitive area, while dealing with single-period products, the basic and major problem is to manage its inventory in the best way. In traditional single-period inventory models, a business strategy is described where only a single procurement is made for a specific period under probabilistic demand. But through the developing inventory models, different aspects should be considered such as forecasting the stockout level, budget, the suitable production capacity as well as demand in order to optimize the profit. This paper investigates a single period multi-product inventory model in which products are stochastically defective and demands are random and continuous and the model constrains the production capacity, budget and stockout cost. Initials, the expected profit in general form in terms of density functions of the demand and the percentage of defective is represented; then, the required descriptions for these functions are given. Considering the uncertainty on budget and stockout cost, these two constraints are presented in stochastic and fuzzy forms. Though, the production capacity is deterministic in every constraint. Therefore, these constraints are of three types: 1) budget and stockout cost constraints are both stochastic. 2) One of the budget and stockout cost constraints is stochastic and the other is fuzzy. 3) Both budget and stockout cost constraints are fuzzy. It should be noted that the possibility and necessity representations of fuzzy constraints are considered. By using chance constrained programming and possibility/necessity programming techniques, stochastic and fuzzy constraints are respectively determined. The problem is solved using SQP algorithm utilizing MATLAB. In addition, an example has been provided to clarify the model completely and at last sensitivity analysis is performed on the profit function with respect to various parameters in order to figure out the profit dependency of each parameter that is so useful in implementing the real world models.

The Harki sheep is a fat-tailed breed which medium- sized body and dairy- meat sheep. In this study parameters of production, reproduction and economic management obtained from data recorded for Harki sheep breed was evaluated in five flocks with 500 ewe during annual cycle of production in village system in 2012. Traits included; fertility, pregnancy rate, weight lambs from birth to the end of period, survival rate of lambs, wool production weight, average daily gain and milk production. A bioeconomic model was written for rearing system and flock information, economic values using maximum profit orientation was calculated by partial derivative of the profit function for a production system with one lambing per year by the Ecoweight software. To calculate economic values, change in system profit per unit change in the trait while was kept the other characters in the average, and was considered the average change in profit as an economic value. First all costs, revenues, profits and flock structure determined then intered input files and run the software. The relative economic values for birth weight, daily gain from birth until weaning, daily gain from weaning until end of period, conception rates ewes, little size, lamb survival at weaning, lifetime, milk yield during the standardized milking period of 150 d, milk fat, milk protein and fleece weight were 6.12, 0.68, 0.515, 2.36, 2.12, 2.54, 16.72, 3.54, 0.047, 0.024 and 1 respectively. Breeding objective in Harki sheep breed were productive lifetime, birth weight, milk yield, lamb survival at weaning, conception rates ewes, little size, wool yield, daily gain from birth until weaning, daily gain from weaning until end of period, milk fat and milk protein.

The purpose of this study is determining the economic efficiency of agricultural production cooperatives and factors affecting it and their profits. The data were collected using multiple random sampling methods. The estimation results of profit function in Fasa, Firouzabad, Marvdasht and Eghleed cooperatives showed that amount of primary and existing capital and cost of total activities of agricultural production cooperatives have direct relationships with their corresponding frontier profit. As the results of economical efficiency distribution of these agricultural production cooperatives showed that average of economical efficiency score is 0.71 with a relatively high range (between efficient and inefficient of agricultural production cooperatives). Therefore there is a possibility to raise their profits through transferring managerial factors of high efficiency agricultural production cooperatives to those with low efficiency. As the results showed that managing director level of education, number of activities of agricultural production cooperatives (activities diversity), distance of agricultural production cooperatives from downtown and agricultural production cooperatives located in Firouzabad relative to other mentioned agricultural production cooperatives had direct relationship with economical efficiency of agricultural production cooperatives and the kind of governmental management of agricultural production cooperatives relative to independent management and activity period of agricultural production cooperatives and the agricultural production cooperative located in Fasa city relative to Eghleed and Marvdasht and the agricultural production cooperatives located in Eghleed city relative to Marvdasht city had indirect relationship with economical efficiency of agricultural production cooperatives in Fars province.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the efficiency of bankingindustry in Iran and measurement of effective factors on the industry. In this research the information of 10 state banks, including 6 nonspecialized commercial banks (Mellat, Tejarat, Refah, Saderat, Melli, Sepah), 4 specialized banks (Export Development, Housing, Agriculture, Mine &Industry) and 4 private banks (Parsian, EN Bank, Saman, Karafarin) for the period of 2003-2007 has been utilized. The efficiency of the banks has been ranked based upon due consideration of banks as mediators through SFA parametric method and Cub- Douglas profit function. The most efficient bank during the study period was Parsian bank, and the least efficient one was Sepah bank. The outcomes reveal that the average efficiency of private banks is higher than state banks and the specialized state banks performed more efficiently than commercial state banks. Afterwards, the estimates of efficiency obtained in the first stage were regressed on determining factors through tobit regression. The outcome was that specializing the activities and private ownership have direct effect on efficiency, but the number of employees and total assets as indexes of size have negative relationship with efficiency of profit. Variables of facilities, investments, financial capital price (interest paid on the deposits) had effects on the profit and they have been in the confidence interval of 95%, whereas variables of physical capital price, labor price and deposits with other banks had no effects on the profit.

A Gross profit function for computing confidence intervals for functions of maximum likelihood modeling and delta method was used to compute the confidence interval for a change in the probability function to bankruptcy prediction. Data on the average consumption of inputs and the production, in a 30,000 poultry segments, Summing up through the establishment of specialized panels group of poultry farmers was gained. Also the price of live poultry, soybean feed, corn and day-old chicks were extracted from the company support animal country information network website to form of daily. Profit and loss statement poultry units, the composition of production costs and cost per kg for three categories of poultry according to the financial structure were calculated. The relationship between the price of Poultry and the probability of bankruptcy in three poultry farms in the price range of 35000 Rials to 60000 Rials was calculated. The results showed that, in the average price of alive poultry (50164 Rials) investigated, the probability of bankruptcy poultry farms lack working capital and have banking facilities installments was 73%, Poultry farms with working capital and payments for providing banking facilities, was 32% and poultry farms that they had adequate financial resources and no bank debt, probability of bankruptcy for them was almost5%. Providing working capital for poultry and poultry processing plants, Removing brokers, and direct sales of poultry to slaughterhouses through the Poultry Unions, monitoring the price of the main inputs and adjusting the market for two inputs of maize and soybeans, will play an important role in reducing the risk of bankruptcy of poultry cooperatives in Sistan and Baluchestan province.

In inventory models based on the Economic Order Quantity, Demand rate and holding cost are assumed have constant value and the purchase cost is assumed constant regardless of the order size. In actual applications, the demand rate can be affected by many variables such as seasonality, selling price, and availability. Moreover, the holding cost tends to be higher for extended storage periods. Additionally, the unit purchase cost is generally lower for larger order sizes due to quantity discounts. The purpose of this paper is to develop an inventory and pricing model of a product in a supply chain consisting of multiple suppliers, multiple producers and multiple customers that have linear functions price-dependent demand, time-dependent holding cost, and cost of purchase depends on the size, so that three cases are considered simultaneously in the model. Based on these assumptions, a formulated mathematical model and an optimal solution solution algorithm are developed to maximize total profits, a case study of the problem in a manufacturing plant was carried out using real data Modified, a numerical example is given, and sensitivity analysis is performed on the effect of different parameters on the optimal solution. Our findings indicate that, first, demand function parameters and then cost and purchase parameters are the most influential factors on the profit function.

Competition among supply chains is an essential factor to be considered in determining supply chain strategies. Furthermore, due to an imbalance in market share, one of the supply chains may have a higher power to manipulate the market and usually play the role of the leader in the market. In this paper, two leader-follower supply chains consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer are considered. In-chain competition is addressed besides the chain-to-chain competition in which the retailer is the leader and the manufacturer is the follower. The competition elements are price and service, which are investigated in three different scenarios: decentralized leader-decentralized follower, integrated leader-decentralized follower, and decentralized leader-integrated follower. Using the backward induction, we start the solving process from the follower supply chain and derive the follower’s best response function. Then the leader strategies are examined after the substitution of the follower’s best response function in leader profit function. Finally, we analyze the effects of the price competition intensity, service investment coefficient, and the potential market size of both chains on the equilibrium values in all three scenarios. The results show that increasing the price competition intensity will decrease the profit of the leading supply chain. In contrast, small values of price competition intensity are beneficial for the follower supply chain. Further, the first scenario has the most retail and wholesale price while the integrated supply chains have the most service level.

In this paper, a two-stage newsvendor model with one type of product in presence of stochastic demand under quantity flexibility (QF) contract is investigated. Under the proposed model, the manufacturer allows the retailer to update its order size upward or downward. Under this mechanism, the manufacturer is committed to provide a certain level more than the retailer’s primary order to deliver when large demand is observed; in addition, the retailer has the authority to cancel a limited amount of its initial order in the beginning of selling season when the observed demand is small. Under these circumstances, overstocking/shortage risks are shared between two members. By sharing risks, it will be possible to optimize decisions globally. In this paper, a new approach for optimal adjustment of QF parameters (i.e. upward and downward adjustment parameters) is developed. Expected profit functions of both channel members under QF contract is mathematically modeled and optimal closed-form relationship between upward and downward adjustment parameters is determined. The obtained closed-form relation guarantees more profit for the whole supply chain and at the same time assures more profit for both channel members. Under the proposed model, both members benefit from the coordinated decision making while risk of demand uncertainty is shared. Our investigations revealed that increasing flexibility on cancelling initial order causes less flexibility of the manufacturer in providing more products. On the other hand, decrease of cancelling flexibility results in more flexibility for oversupply volume.

Pricing and inventory strategies are two important decisions of a retailer which directly affect her/his profitability. They are even more prominent when the considered product undergoes deterioration. In this paper, the problem of joint pricing and inventory control is investigated in a competitive environment. In particular, we consider a number of competing retailers who sell substitutable deteriorating items to a common market. In addition, shortage is allowed and partially backlogged at the retailers. Each retailer aims to maximize their profit determining their price and inventory policies. At first, the profit function of the retailers is derived. Then, the existence of Nash Equilibrium solution is shown. Next, a solution procedure is developed to obtain the equilibrium quantities of price and replenishment policy. Furthermore, a numerical study is carried out to analyze the effect of the main parameters on the equilibrium solution. Numerical results show that the increase of competition intensity would decrease the summation of the retailers' profits, while it would increase the total satisfied demands. Moreover, in contrast to the monopoly models, changing the deterioration rate at a retailer does not significantly impact his/her selling price.