The aim of the present study was to construct and validate the Scale of possible harms in major selection for university admission. The research method used in this study was the mixed method and the statistical population was the incoming students of Tabriz University and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in the 2021-2022 academic year. In the qualitative section, a sample of 24 students from the departments of humanities, engineering, basic sciences, and medical sciences were purposefully selected and interviewed. Then, in the quantitative part of this study and the initial study, 188 students and in the final implementation 375 students from educational departments were selected by stratified cluster sampling. The results of internal consistency validation based on Cronbach's alpha were 0.83. Studies related to the validity of the content, the prediction, and the structure of the scale of the damages of the process of choosing the field of the entrance to the university showed the validity of the mentioned scale. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the harms of harms in major selection for university admission consist of three main factors: personal harms, social harms, and structural and managerial harms. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the 19-item form of the Injury Scale in the process of choosing a university entry course for Iranian students has sufficient validity and reliability.

One of the most important issues for freshmen is the basic attention to their academic satisfaction and adaptation with the university. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the structural model of harm of choosing major process on adaptation with university and academic satisfaction with the mediating role of psychological capital. The design of the current research was of the correlation type using the structural equation modeling method. Among the 2490 freshmen through the national exam of Tabriz University in the academic year 2021-2022, 212 students were selected in a targeted manner and answered questionnaires of harm of choosing major process (Naeimi et al., 2022), adaptation with the university (Baker and Siriak, 1989 ), academic satisfaction (Ahmadi, 2018) and psychological capital (Lutans et al., 2007). To analyze the data, the structural equation modeling method and Amos18 software were used. The findings showed that the direct effect of psychological-individual issues on students' adaptation with university (-0.76) and academic satisfaction (-0.63) is negatively significant (P> 0/001). Also, the results showed that educational-social problems and structural-management defects indirectly (P> 0/001) and through psychological capital have an effect on academic satisfaction (+1/27) and adaptation with university (+1/34). Conclusion In general, it can be said that the harms of the field selection process and psychological capital can play an important role in the satisfaction of students' education and adaptation.

Paramedical majors are an attractive and highly demanded field of study among students. But recently, one can see students and graduates of these fields changing majors, failing academics, and re-participating in the national exam. This research was conducted to investigate and identify the psychological factors of harm in the process of choosing a major for paramedical students.

Methods and Materials:

 This study was conducted with a qualitative approach, using the grounded theory method and Strauss and Corbin approach. The statistical population included all the students in paramedical majors of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences who studied in the academic year 2021-2022, 18 male and female students, were selected using purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews.

The information were recorded, coded, and categorized in the form of secondary codes, categories, and classes. The analysis of students' opinions led to the identification of 112 secondary codes, 14 sub-categories, and 4 main categories including inefficient cognitive skills, disturbed orientation, unsatisfied emotions and, ineffective behaviors and actions.

The findings of the research indicate that psychological factors play a significant role in creating and continuing the harms of the process of choosing an academic major, and individual and psychological problems can face challenges in the correct path of choosing a major. The results of this study can be effective in identifying and reducing the harms caused by personal and psychological factors in the path of choosing an academic major.

Along with the changes made in Iran’s education system in the recent years, the subject of “the educational guidance” has also undergone some changes along with some challenges and damages. So, the main aim of this research was to examine the pathology of the 9th grade students' educational guidance process in Ilām province in the academic year of 2018-2019. Using the qualitative and quantitative tools, the present study was a mixed-methods one. In the qualitative section, using the thematic analysis method, the in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with students, parents, and counselors and to reach the theoretical saturation, 27 interviews was conducted. The sampling method was a purposeful type and the findings were validated by the participants’ perspectives. By coding and analyzing the codes, 44 conceptual codes were developed for the pathology of the subject, which were classified as the 8 main categories, i.e., the fundamental selection challenges, particular beliefs of the parents, symbolic forms, objective criterion of choice, inconsiderateness and doing casually, advisor’s performance from belief to disbelief, electronic failure, and the heterogeneous inductions. The quantitative section also included a sample size of 400 students who were selected using the random sampling method. The questionnaire was also designed based on the qualitative findings and its validity was verified by the confirmatory factor analysis. The results revealed that among the eight qualitative harms derived, the challenges of choosing a discipline were the most important damage from the perspective of students. The results of the Mann-Whitney test to determine the main criterion for obtaining the field suggested that the students have recognized the record scores as the main criterion for obtaining the desired field of study.

In radiotherapy, ionizing radiation is used to damage cells. Monte Carlo simulations of radiation interactions with DNA give us good information about the type of damage and their repair process, which can be very useful in treating cancer and protecting against radiation. The ionizing radiation damage includes single- and double-strand breaks as well as base lesions (SSB, DSB, BL). The DNA damage can be repaired through some processes within the cell. DNA damage, especially of DSBs that are mis-repaired or unrepaired, can result in cell death. This process plays a crucial role in killing cancer cells and treating cancer. In this research, first, the dose was calculated in the cell nucleus with the MCNPX code. Then, the possibility of different damage types in DNA was investigated by simulating the physical and chemical processes of low and high-energy electrons with the Geant4-DNA code. Then with the help of the Matlab software and mathematical modeling, we investigated the repair of DSBs for the latter energies. The results show that at ranging energies of 100 to 300 eV, the number of breaks increases, and for higher energies, it decreases due to the electron range in the cell nucleus. The repair reaction rate is also calculated from the NHEJ presynaptic process for ranging energies 100 eV to 1 MeV. In the repair section, the repair time at low energies is longer than the higher energies due to more DSBs.

The interaction of ionizing radiations with living tissues could result in simple and complex single- and double-strand breaks in the cell DNAs, due to the physical and chemical processes that such radiations initiate. Monte Carlo simulation of the interaction between radiations and DNA renders valuable information about damage types, which can be very useful in cancer therapy and radiation protection. In this study, in order to calculate the initial DNA damage caused by the primary electron beam and the produced secondary particles, Geant4-DNA has been employed to simulate the physical, physico-chemical, and chemical interactions. Using the simulation results for the direct electron interactions and indirect hydroxyl radical reactions with the DNA, the probability of different types of breaks in the cell DNAs as well as the distribution of the breaks as a function of the deposited energy have been investigated.

The ionizing radiations, through physical and chemical processes, lead to simple and complex single- and double- strand breaks, as well as base lesions to the DNA. In this study, taking into account all the physical and chemical processes involved in the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter, the initial damage induced to DNA was evaluated for 5.7 MeV alpha-rays from Radon 223 isotope. The probability of damage types was calculated in terms of the energy deposition and the probability of direct and indirect damage was investigated as a function of the number of breaks. The results show that, for low deposited energies, the probability of single-strand breaks is more than double-strand breaks. As the amount of the deposited energy increases, this pattern is reversed and the probability of various types of double-strand breaks dominates. The yield of double-strand breaks in the DNA segments, as a main target in radiotherapy, was calculated by the method of energy deposition in DNA samples and compared with previous works. Our results are in good agreement with experimental results.

This paper examines the problems that accompany the process of faculty employment members in Public Universities of Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. To investigate this issue the paper methodologically relies on the approach phenomenography and quasi structural interviews. The face validity and content validity of the interview questions have assessed by specialists and for reliability has used test-retest reliability (0/91) and intercoder reliability(0/78). The population that this study focuses on includes all experts of higher education in these universities as well as those that are involved in the process of faculty employment. These individuals were purposefully selected and interviewed. The interviews were recorded, typed, coded, and analszed. 24 Pathologies were placed in the following categories: planning, recruitment, selection, and appointment. Our research indicates the following lack of standards for employment permission; Weakness announcement regarding the opening of a position; Unit qualification standards for all universities and fields; and Prolongation of the employment process. In final, research have explained some revision proposals according to literature review and facts of country universities, that change of some rules was one of the more important.

The present study aimed to identify the harms of the educational-vocational guidance of students of University of Tehran with a mixed-methods approach. In the first part the level of academic major satisfaction was compared with a quantitative approach which was applied in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of method. The population of the study included all bachelor, master and doctoral students of the University of Tehran in four departments of engineering, experimental sciences, humanities and basic sciences that a sample was selected by non-randomly convenience strategies with a volume of 361 people who answered the Nauta’s Academic Major Satisfaction questionnaire. The results showed that there is no significant difference between academic major satisfaction according to the variables of gender, grade and having the experience of changing major. However, there was a significant difference between students studying in different semesters and departments. The second part was conducted with a qualitative approach using phenomenological method in order to identify the negative consequences of undesirable educational-vocational guidance and the ways of facing with consequences. Research data were collected by semi-structured interviews with 25 students and graduates of University of Tehran who were selected by purposeful method. Findings showed that the negative consequences were classified into 25 sub-themes and six general themes of educational, psychological, family, economic, individual-social and physical consequences. Moreover, by extracting 11 sub-themes, it was shown that individuals did a variety of activities, including academic, social, vocational, adaptive and coping activities in order to reduce the consequences.

Functional movements and balance are necessary requirements in many sports. However, there is little information about defects in functional movements and balance in professional athletes in different sports. The purpose of this study was to screen the functional movement patterns and balance in professional athletes with the aim of preventing sports injuries.This was a cross-sectional causal-comparative study. Among the active sports in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, nine sports, including wrestling, basketball, wushu, badminton, judo, rock climbing, taekwondo, football, and volleyball (n=20 athletes in each sport), were randomly selected, and the professional athletes according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated. In order to evaluate movement defects, three functional patterns, including the overhead squat, overhead squat with heel lift, and single leg squat, were used based on the Fusionetics scoring system. Balance was also evaluated using the Y balance test. Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the scores of different sports fields in the evaluation of functional movement patterns and balance (p<0.05).The results showed that professional athletes in different sports showed good performance in squat and balance functional tests (75-100%), and in general, the risk of injuries in athletes was low. Nevertheless, significant differences were observed in the scores of functional tests and dynamic posture control in some sports fields, which indicated the presence of injury-prone athletes in different sports teams (p<0.05).From the findings of this research, it can be concluded that professional athletes had good scores in general, but they may have defects in functional movement pattern and balance, which make athletes prone to injury. Therefore, it is recommended that the trainers of sports teams and clubs continuously use injury prediction tests such as functional movement patterns and dynamic posture control in order to evaluate and screen their athletes.