During recent years there has been increasing consciousness of, and concern about, groundwater water pollution and monitoring in Iran. In this context, a comprehensive review of the trace elements and heavy metals in groundwater of Oshtorinan Plain in northern part of Boroujerd has carried out to investigate the effects of weathering minerals, agricultural and industrial activities. Groundwater samples from ten wells, five qanats and a spring in both wet and dry seasons were collected and analyzed using a mass spectrometer (ICP_MS). Then, the results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The measurement results show that from 63 elements measured, only the concentrations of Fe, Mg, Pb, Sr, V(0.4, 36.3, 62.9, 0.89 and 195.5 ppm, respectively) were above the permitted level. The amount of Pb, B and iron in groundwater samples in the study area indicates that concentrations of these elements from East and West are increasing toward the center. Also,increasing concentration of Sr. in the groundwater samples is mainly caused by processes such as the mineral weathering that occurs to igneous rocks, locating in the eastern parts of the plain. Engines wells in the area, abandoned wells, the steel alloy (in the northern entrance) pollution and mining activities are likely sources of potential pollution of heavy metals in groundwater and environmental threat to the region. Using principal component analysis, three main factors determine the quality of hydro chemical include the impact of major ions, trace elements and heavy metals, which collectively account for nearly 68% of the variance factors.

Sediments are the main absorbers of metal pollutants. Therefore, it is essential to study them. In this paper, 72 samples of surface sediments from six stations were selected using Grap sampler in the summer of 2015 to determine the concentration of heavy elements such as cadmium, nickel, lead, and vanadium in the surface sediments of the North Yaran oilfield in Hur Al-Azim wetland. An atomic absorption device was used to determine the concentration of heavy elements, and SPSS and EXCEL software were used for statistical data processing. According to the results, the average concentration of cadmium, lead, vanadium, and nickel was 1.4, 48.87, 32.65, and 87.33 mg/L, respectively. Sediment quality standards in the United States (NOAA) and in Canada (ISQGs) were used to compare these values with the allowable contamination levels of elements in sediment. According to the results, the average concentration of cadmium and lead in the present study was higher than the standard indicators of ERL and TEL and lower than the standard indicators of ERM and PEL. Average concentration of nickel was higher than these standard indicators. The results showed that nickel has more pollution than other metals, consistent with other research conducted in the region. Based on results, the amount of pollution of heavy metals studied in this research was not dangerous and critical. Still, it is necessary to prevent the increase in metallic toxicity in the region's environment by adopting preventive approaches.

Considering progressive growth of industry and technology, the accumulation of environmental contaminants, especially heavy metals (HMs) in the soil is of increasing worldwide concern about the probable soil pollution risks. The perception of pollutants spatial distribution pattern and recognition of factors which control this pattern and identification of probable sources of pollution, are the most important purposes in the environmental pollution studies. The present study was conducted to achieve to useful information to distinguish the role of natural sources from the human ones, using modeling the spatial variability pattern of heavy metals pollution load index in the Zanjan Zinc Industrial Town area.
In the present study, 85 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) using a regular grid sampling pattern were collected. The total (Nitric-acid extractable) contents of Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cu were measured for each soil sample using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Assessing the soil pollution risk with selected HMs, contamination factor was calculated. Accordingly, sampling locations were classified into the different soil contamination classes. In order to simultaneous assessment of the status of overall soil pollution by the pollutant elements, pollution load index (PLI) of studied heavy metals was calculated. Afterwards, PLI was considered as an environmental variable which its values at un-sampled locations were interpolated using ordinary kriging method.
Comparing the measured HMs contents with their maximum permissible limits in the soil showed that the studied soils are polluted with Zn, Pb and Cd, but non-polluted with Ni and Cu. The total concentration of Zn, Pb and Cd in the soil showed a great degree of variability, indicated by large coefficients of variation (CV) from 140.5 % of Cd to 185.6 % of Pb. These elevated CVs may indicate that these elements’ distribution in the studied area is influenced by an anthropogenic source. In contrast, the relatively low calculated CVs for Ni (78.1 %) and Cu (80.3 %) may imply that natural sources are responsible for these elements’ distribution in the studied soils. Classification of observations according to the contamination factor of studied heavy metals showed that most of sampling points occurred in the very high contamination class regarding Zn and Pb (65.9 % and 68.2 %, respectively) and in the medium contamination class regarding Cd, Cu and Ni (57.7, 51.8 and 68.2 %, respectively). Mapping the spatial variability of heavy metals pollution load index showed that areas with highest pollution contents occurred in the contiguity of Zinc Town.
Totally, industrial activities related to Zn production caused to simultaneous entrance of several heavy metals to the adjacent soils and lead to degradation of the lands in studied area. Considering the low efficiency of single-element maps for HMs to reflect the overall soil quality in relation to environmental contaminants, modeling of the spatial variability of PLI may provide the good perception of the contaminant's spatial distribution and their effects on soil quality.

The influx of quicksand in the desert areas of Iran causes damage to various aspects of life of the inhabitants of these areas. Oil mulching is one of the measures that has been used for many years to stabilize quicksands. Because oil mulch is made up of heavy petroleum products, it can contaminate water resources in these areas with heavy elements and hydrocarbons by entering water sources. To investigate the effect of heavy elements and hydrocarbons on water resources, samples of oil mulch in short-term, medium-term and long-term periods from Hamidiyeh sands of Khuzestan province and also samples of oil mulch of Abadan refinery in laboratory conditions with Simulations of natural conditions and 24-hour residence time in contact with water were investigated. The results of this study showed that the amount of pollution of heavy metals other than elemental, which in the long-term, medium-term, short-term and control area increased by 95%, 115%, 123% and 129%, respectively, than the allowable limit. Oil mulch does not have a significant effect on increasing the pollution of water resources in terms of heavy elements. Examination of oil mulch on the amount of hydrocarbons in water showed that with the exception of Naphtalene and Benzo (g, h, i) Perylene, which decreased in the medium and short term compared to the control area, the difference of other hydrocarbons compared to the control area increased. Been; But in general, the amount of all hydrocarbons studied in the studied treatments was less than their allowable limit.

The relationship between the concentration of heavy metals and physicochemical factors was studied in the fine-grained sediments of the tidal section of the Mehran delta where mangrove trees have grown. Surface sediments of the tidal zone of the Mehran delta were sampled. The grain size distribution, calcium carbonate, organic matter contents, pH/Eh, and heavy metals concentration were determined in the mud fraction of the sediments. The presence of high calcium carbonate in sediments is an effective factor in the abundance of Mn, Cd, and Pb. Clay and organic matter as adsorptive have contributed to the high concentration of Zn, Cu, while Fe oxy-hydroxides have affected the concentration of Co, Cr, and Ni. According to the index of Enrichment Factor (EF), the average enrichment of the elements in the studied sediments from high to low order is Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn, Mn, Pb, Co, and Cu. According to the Pollution Load Index (PLI), none of the delta sediments including sediments from inside and outside of the mangrove forestare classified as polluted to the heavy metals. According to the Igeo Index, most samples, and only Cd, Cr, and Ni show slight pollution in some samples. Accordingly, there is no current threat of contamination of potentially toxic elements of natural and anthropogenic origins to the mangrove environment and Mehran delta.

In most Bio-environmental standards, the allowable limit of heavy metals release in environment was determined for all compounds of a given element. However toxic effects and pollution potential of these elements is relatively dependent upon their kind and chemical composition. In this research, the effect of CdCl2 and Cd(NO3)2 on the growth of tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum) was separately evaluated, as well as, the amount of uptake and accumulation of Cd by root and shoot parts of this plant in the presence of these salts. The results showed that deleterious effect of Cd(NO3)2 on the growth of plants was significantly greater than CdCl2. Also, the uptake and accumulation of this element by plant organs in media that contain Cd(NO3)2 was greater than in media containing CdCl2.It is concluded that in surveying the pollution effects of heavy metals, not only their quantity but also the kind and chemical composition must be considered. Because plants adaptation to some salts like nitrate cause easy entry of these compounds to biological circles and increases pollution.

IntroductionLandfilling sites of wastes including big volume of waste. In recent years lack correct management caused that landfilling sites of municipal waste taken as one of main source pollution effluence at environmental. From between diverse contaminants heavy metals because of environmental stability, biogeochemical process, poison biology, sorption and desorption, redox potential, sedimentation, dissolve, ciliate and hazardous of habitat are more important. Heavy metals prevalent in leachate are include As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn. The traditional method of landfills was to directly stack wastes in valley and watercources that are naturally formed or in artificial pits and pounds without any treatment to prevent wastes from diffusion and transference is caused during filling, the wastes will release leachate of high concentration due to self-zymosis and rain fall washing as well as dipping in both surface and ground water, which will flow slowly with groundwater, polluting its surroundings for decades, even hundreds of years. The problem and major environmental concerns associated with the dispersal or disposal of industrial and urban wastes generated by human activities is the contamination of the soil. Groundwater pollution from landfills can depend on several factors, such as hydraulic conductivity of the strata underneath the landfill site, depth of vadose zone, type of soil in vadose zone, hydraulic gradient of aquifer and the type of landfill. Faults and gaps of rock bed can course for leachate infiltration in groundwater. Main purpose from this study, investigative contaminant heavy metal derived from waste landfilling on soils and waters downstream landfilling site of Ardebil municipal waste.
Materials and methodArdebil municipality is a city located in the northwest Iran in central part of Ardebil province in zone west Alburz – Azarbaijan. The landfilling site of Ardebil municipal waste located between 48° 13´ 40″ longitudinal east and 38° 26´ 33″ latitudinal north. Landfilling site of Ardebil municipal waste with an area of about 50 hectare and at an altitude of 1575 m above the sea level is located in distance 22km west north of Ardebil city. Daily 300 ton municipal waste is disposing in this site with traditional method and without any preservative. The location of the study area is shown in the Figure. 1.
Figure. 1 Location of the study area
The annual average amount of precipitation and evaporation are determined 320-810 mm, respectively. The area is determined to have a semiarid climate. Open dump areas located in the unit Eocene Trachyandesite. Depth soil is very shallow with outstanding rock without cover of soil and texture soil is sandy. Groundwater levels in the surrounding landfilling site are 30-60 m.
In preliminary area is investigated from aspect topographically, surface and groundwater position, soil texture, soil depth and genus of rock bed. In order to investigate concentration some heavy metals in downstream soils landfilling site of Ardebil municipal waste, 1 sample control was taken from distance 400m upstream from landfilling site and 11 sample were taken from distances 50 to 1300m from landfilling site in downstream. To avoid from influence various arbitrary surface conditions, the selected depth of sampling is from 10 cm to 20 cm below the surface. After determine soil texture and PH in the laboratory elements of Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, Zn and Pb were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). To assess soil samples pollution the metals concentration in the soil samples compared with the reference values recommended by United State Environmental Protection Agency and enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index calculated for all samples. Based on enrichment factor can estimate elements concentration relative to their natural concentrations. This factor calculating from under formula:EF = Sc/ Rc
Where EF is the enrichment factor, Sc concentration of element in soil and Rc is concentration of element in reference material. Bhuiyana et al (2010) divided contamination into different categories based on EF values. These categories shown in Table 1.
Table 1: classification of enrichment factor values
Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) introduced by Muller (1969) and calculating from under formula:Igeo= log2 [(Cn) / (1.5Bn)]
Where Cn is the measured concentration of the element n and Bn is the geochemical background value element n in average crust. Muller divided geoaccumulation index values into classes four (Table 2).
Table 2: classification of geoaccumulation factor values
Because of devoid of perpetual surface waters sampling didnt from surface water. To sampling from ground waters source 1 sample control were taken from upward landfilling site and 4 samples from downward in dry and wet season. Then measuring general parameters (EC, PH, COD, BOD, and TDS) and heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, Zn and Pb) of water was done in laboratory.
Results and discussionIn the all samples sand particle was very high and soil texture is sandy. The PH values in the samples ranged from 6.84 to 8.11 and The EC values in the samples ranged from 9818 to 17532. Result comparing element concentration of soil samples with the reference values recommended by United State Environmental Protection Agency show that Cu in 1 and 2 samples is above the standard limits. Fe and Mn in 1 sample are above the standard limits. Co in 1 and 7 samples is above the standard limits. Pb, Zn and Cd in all samples are above the standard limits. Results calculating enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index show that Pb, Cd and Zn have the most enrichment and accumulation.
Soils downstream shows high contamination from Cd, Zn and Pb elements. Considering these elements in control sample is higher from United State Environmental Protection Agency standard but these elements concentration in control sample is lower relative to downstream samples so these metals derived from anthropogenic and lithologic of sources. Lithologic source the elements derived from igneous rocks collection of inner and volcanic in the area. Anthropogenic source the elements derived from colored plastic, battery, medicine apparatus, electronic apparatus and toiletries of wastes. Because of soils are sandy richment heavy metal is lower.
Result comparing water samples analysis with the reference values recommended by World Health Organization show that EC and TDS in downward samples are above the standard limits. PH, BOD, COD, Fe and Cu in the all samples are low the standard limits. Zn and Pb in the all samples are above the standard limits. Co, Ni and Cd were not detected in none from samples. In none from water samples exist not meaningful difference between elements concentration in control sample with downward samples that indictor pollution derived from leacate. High concentrations Zn and Pb elements derived from condition of lithology and geology area.
Considering results analysis samples of soil and water deduced that soils of downstream was polluted from Pb, Zn and Cd elements and agricultural lands downstream was polluted. Considering in landfilling site slope is very high and soil very sandy, leacate can effluence in vast surface and was caused area soil pollution. Results analysis of water samples didnt explain pollution in 5 water samples was collected. Considering Ardebil landfilling site located in elevation and wells sampled located in distance more from landfilling site leacate cannot pollute those. Locating the site on rock layer of very fragile and without soil cover will cause serious hazardous. For more study:1-Determining leacate pollution index (LPI)
2- Air analysis for determining air contaminants
3- Chemical analysis farm product for determining cancinogen metals concentration
4- Diging pizometers in appropriate sites for monitoring of groundwaters pollution
5- Determining origin of lithologic Zn and Pb elements.

Plants play an important role in changing ecological conditions due to the use of water, soil and air, and can be used to clean contaminated ecosystems by pollutants such as heavy metals. In this study, the accumulation of heavy metals (cd and Pb) was carried out on two plantains and berries in three stations of Tehran in different levels of contamination. The results of this study showed that the most cadmium adsorption at Keshavarz Boulevard Station by plant species and also in each of the studied regions of the planktonic species showed greater ability to absorb this cd.
While the average lead absorption in all three stations was lower than the annual American standard, the difference in lead concentration was not significant at different stations. But, according to the results of this study, berries had more heavy metal adsorption than the plantain. This study showed a lack of correlation between plant emissions and heavy metal adsorption, but it is believed that selected plant species have the ability to accumulate and accumulate the studied metals in their airspace.

Considering progressive growth of industry and technology, the accumulation of environmental contaminants, especially heavy metals (HMs) in the soil is of increasing worldwide concern about the probable soil pollution risks. Due to the multiplicity of the HMs’ sources, these serious elements are usually found along with each other in the soil. Therefore, the precise evaluation of the environmental pollution risks needs all of the existing pollutants to be concomitantly assessed. Representing overall soil pollution in the Zanjan Zinc Specialized Industrial Town (briefly Zinc Town) in this study, single-element maps of heavy metals were incorporated using cumulative limitation scores (LS).
In the present study, 85 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) using a regular grid sampling pattern were collected and total contents of Zn, Pb and Cd were measured for each soil sample using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Assessing the spatial structure of studied elements, their contents were interpolated using ordinary kriging method in ArcGIS 10.1 software. Assessing the pollution risk of studied elements, the total concentration of heavy metals is first transformed to LSs using the exponential transfer function determined by using two threshold values: permissible concentration and seriously polluted soil. Calculated cumulative LSs for studied elements were considered as an environmental variable and its values were interpolated and classified.
Mapping the total concentration of Zn, Pb and Cd revealed that elevated soil HMs concentrations were mostly found in the northwest of studied area, i.e. lands located surrounding the Zinc Town. Increasing the distance from the industrial source of pollution, pollution intensity decreased gradually. It seems that Zinc Town is the main factor which controls the spatial distribution of Zn, Pb and Cd in the studied soils. Although the observed and estimated values for the total concentration of Zn were higher than Pb and Cd, its values did not exceed its maximum permissible value in Iranian soils; whereas the total concentration of Pb and Cd in sizeable parts of the studied area exceeded their national maximum permissible concentration and in some parts of the area located around the Zinc Town, exceeded than the seriously pollution threshold value. Mapping the spatial distribution of LSs showed that elevated soil LSs were mostly found in the lands located surrounding the Zinc Town. Therefore, it can be concluded that Zinc Town not only controls the spatial distribution of pollutant elements in the area, but also is the main factor which causes the HMs concentration to be exceeded than their maximum permissible or even seriously pollution threshold values in some parts of the studied area and finally, lower the land quality in these areas.
Totally, industrial activities related to Zn production caused to simultaneous entrance of several heavy metals to the adjacent soils and lead to degradation of the lands in studied area. The interpolated heavy metal values were observed in the very different range for each specific element, as different threshold values. These caused some difficulties to perceive the soil pollution risk just by single-element maps of heavy metals. Since the limitation scores are standardized and can be summed for different variables, this technique is capable to represent the contemporaneous effects of several pollutants on the soil quality.