Neglecting cities’ natural environment in urban development has led to intentional or inadvertent loss of several ecosystem services in Iran.
Consequently, this has directly affected the overall urban quality of life, citizens’ cognitive experience, and their value systems. Approaches to solve this problem include Landscape Urbanism, Urban Ecological engagement; lack of common memories; and depreciation of social and/ or moral values. Restoration and Eco Revelatory Urban Design.The latter approach aims at highlighting the ecological qualities of urban natural environment and improving its ecosystem services. Employing an analysis-descriptive methodology, this paper attempts to elaborate a conceptual framework for measuring the eco-revelatory dimension of urban environment as an essential quality of urban design.

Various measures are considered to stabilize the erodible beds such as planting. Environmental variables in the canopy cover of plants, including soil temperature and moisture, are readily indicators of planting projects success evaluation. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate the success of Tamarix (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.) plantation in modulating modifying soil temperature and moisture indices in the dried-up beds of Lake Urmia. To this endFor this purpose, 15 stands of seven-year-old Tamarix shrubs were randomly systematically selected and their heights and canopy area were measured. Additionally, in four cardinal directions, the top-soil temperature and humidity were also measured in the inside and outside of the under of canopy zones (120 points in total) following the prevailing erosive winds. Afterward, tThe results were then statistically analyzed. Two-way analysis of variance showed significant differences (p<0.01) for soil temperature and humidity among the sampling points (inside and outside of the microclimate zones) and significant differences (p<0.01) for soil temperature among the cardinal directions of sampling. The mean temperature and moisture content of the soil surface in the inside and outside of the Tamarix shrubs canopy were 23.77 and 34.78 °C, and 2.95 and 1.82%, respectively. So that, a significant decrease (p<0.01; 45%) in the soil temperature and a significant increase (p<0.01; 62%) in the soil moisture content were recorded in the inside of the canopy zones in comparison to the outside zones. The findings showed that the selection of Tamarix shrubs with larger canopy and planting with higher density should be considered to improve the environmental conditions in erosion-prone deserts management programs.

Introduction Urban landscape is experiencing rapid changes which put all urban domains under pressures. These processes revolutionize urban landscape into spaces without ecologic values. The sustainability of green patches and corridors has been scathed by lack of ecological approaches in planning and design. Therefore, urban green spaces structures and functions have been damaged. Green spaces have been changed into isolated, fragile and unsustainable areas. Controlling green spaces changes process, decrease fragility and improvement of sustainability are vital for green spaces in urban contexts. Utilizing and wide use of ecological frameworks in planning and design is compulsory and inevitable in these conditions. A framework to establish protective and conservative principles in urban context is required. Ecological approach establishment in urban forest parks planning and design will improve green spaces function and will have positive impact on green patches and urban ecology overall. Urban forests are main green patches in cities in which trees are main vegetation cover. Normally Green patches are form main part of ecological system and matrix. They are formed different systems of green spaces that may be called parks, green fringe, urban forest etc. Among green spaces, ecological urban forest functions are totally obvious. The functions are related to the definition of urban forests. Any country has its own definition of urban forest, but in a quite simple way, urban forest parks could be defined as: compressed tree and shrub planted areas combined with open spaces, open and semi open woodlands. It may contain some water bodies and is located in urban or pre-urban areas. The ecological and sustainability issues are immensely considered in the design and management of forest parks in the world. International organizations such as FAO and the USFS (Organization of American plantations) studied extensive research on forest areas. Landscape designers have been considered as forest ecological issues. Existence of forest park samples in different countries such as England, United State and China shows the attention paid to urban forest and forest parks ecological issues. The pattern of ecological planting design, checking up the parks ecological design challenges, paying attention to the tourism and tourism issues in the design of forest parks and the impact of tourism development on the extinction of native species and development of ecological forest parks in order to attract tourists, are among the studies carried out about forest parks and ecological forest parks development. In Iran, the construction of forest parks was developed after the movement of forests and pastures nationalization. These spaces were constructed mainly in the suburban cities of Iran, with the goal of improving ecological and environmental status of the city, and also recreational requirements of citizens. Today, these spaces not only do not meet environmental and ecological requirements due to lack of proper planning and design, but also their social and leisure functions decrease daily due to poor management. Therefore, planning is necessary to: - Create ecosystem balance in these large patches, - Prevent fragmentation, - Establish connection to the city, - Give the characteristics of recreation and tourism spaces, - And finally preserve urban environment quality and sustainability. We could strengthen forest parks by proper environmental design, by emphasis on natural and environmental values conservation and preparing suitable context for appropriate use. In addition, these efforts will motivate tourists to use forest parks, encourage local community to preserve the natural resources of parks for future generations. Proper design along with great emphasis on forest park context to natural based recreation will provide suitable conditions for the protection of natural resources and functions associated with tourism and other healthy and environmental usages. Indeed we could decrease forest parks damages by changing people’s perception of environmental values of forest parks and encouraging them to respect environmental wealth and assets provided by urban forest ecosystems. Formation of rich ecosystems makes them as tourist attractions. Local community activities will be developed by tourists’ presence. Tourist's interest in environmental values, simultaneously communities dependent on forest parks, provide an appropriate environment for the protection of these spaces. Ecological functions of forest parks offer healthier environment for urban community. Ecological forest parks design could act as a solution, leading to the strengthening and restoration of parks ecological processes and help them to recover their natural complex structure, in connection with other urban green spaces. It also enhances the urban ecological networks in natural and artificial corridors. Ecological design aim is to prepare a support system for urban sustainability. Materials and methods In this article, analysis and design has been carried out based on ecological design framework. Ecological design is an approach based on a comprehensive understanding of environmental layers, their interaction and design based on minimal destructive effects on the environment in ecological interaction framework. Different principles of ecological design have been presented by researchers. But the emphasis here is on four design principles that have been presented by Ryn and Cowan (1996). Design principles could be stated as: 1-Solution grows from place 2-Ecological accounting informs design 3-Design by nature 4-Everyone is a designer Based on these principles, Shahid Beheshti forest park of Brojerd has been analyzed and designed. At the beginning, a basic analysis of resources has been presented. Information layers and ecological features have formed the basis of analysis to clarify the ecological characteristics of the urban park and its functions. Thereafter, guidelines of forest park improvement have been developed based on the analysis of framework. Activity locations are selected according to the principles. Finally, master plan of forest park is designed in the context of ecological design. Results and discussion City of Brojerd is located in the north of Silakhor fertile plain, in the broad valleys of the central Zagros ranges. Shahid Beheshti forest park is situated on the north of Brojerd city. The Forest Park altitude varies between 1609 to 1649 meters. The park slope varies between zeros to three percent. The park has a medium clay soil, with no salt restriction. Based on the ecological structure of landscape ecology, this area could be divided into four parts as follows: A. Irreconcilable and incompatible patch that require strengthening, B. Weak patches that require to be improved, C. patches that require design and rehabilitation, D. patches that are capable to develop. According to the ecological and geomorphologic structures and processes around and within the Shahid Beheshti forest park, it could be described as an area with a combination of natural and non-native planted tree species. This space is going to be changed by the urban development pressure and processes. These conditions make ecological planning and design obligatory. Master plan of ecological park development based on all conditions and practical implementation of this plan has been presented. Conclusion Using ecological design pattern and combining its integration with the aesthetics aspects, while maintaining the ecological function of landscape, respond to different needs of the community. Futurism that lies in the heart of this pattern, first of all will create a suitable relationship between man and environment, secure health of community and viable environmental and ecological conditions that is necessary for future generations. Sustainable urban development will be achievable in ecological framework. For this purpose, the following principles are recommended for the design of ecological forest park: - Considering ecological aspects of sustainable design with an emphasis on natural, social and economical aspects and at the same time, paying attention to the ecological patches, corridor and footprints - protecting natural environment - Emphasizing on the sequence, maintenance and enhancement of existing plant and animal species - Utilizing natural and morphological features for ecological integrity, - Creating buffer zones around the edges, - Preventing people from entering the fragile formed ecosystems, - Protecting natural passage and - Designing a rich ecosystem, rather than an environment for human leisure.

Identifying indicator species facilitate predicting ecological characteristics of arid and semi-arid ecosystems and help managers to introduce appropriate plant species for rangeland restoration. This study focused on indicator species related to four different utilization methods including, exclosure, rangeland, abandoned area and agriculture area in rangelands of Mahoor Mamasani in Fars province. Vegetation and soil seed bank were sampled in 1 m2 quadrates systematically located on transects. Soils were sampled from 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths. Then seed bank composition was identified after seed germination in glasshouse. In order to identify indicator species and examine changes in characteristics of vegetation and soil seed bank, we used indicator species analysis (ISA). The result on indicator species analysis showed that in exclosure there were 24 and 3 indicator species in vegetation and seed bank, respectively. These were 4 and 3 indicator species for rangeland area, 11 and 2 indicator species for abandoned area and 13 and 3 indicator species for agriculture area. As some vegetation and soil seed bank indices damaged under overgrazing and land use change it is recommended to make some changes in current rangeland management and utilization in order to restore vegetation.

Floodwater spreading (FS) is an efficient and appropriate method for the optimization of runoff utilization, particularly in arid and semiarid region. Beside the reduction of damage caused by the flooding, this technique is also useful in the artificial recharge of groundwater and rangeland restoration. Effects of floodwater spreading on species composition and functional groups were assessed in the Poshtkooh Rangelands of Sari in the Mazandaran Province. Vegetation sampling was evaluated in the FS area, enclosure and a without floodwater spreading (grazing). Sampling was carried out at representative and homogeneous areas of each treatment by the random-systematic method, thus the canopy cover of each plant species was measured in 90 plots of 1 m2/each. Results showed that there were 53 species in floodwater spreading area and 43 species in the enclosure but only 24 species were present in the control area spreading or grazing. Among the studied plant families. The canopy cover of Brassicaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae was increased by floodwater spreading, shrubs and Chamophytes showed a significant reduction from due to FS as compare with the control area. Comparison of the most functional groups also indicated a reduction in their canopy cover percentage with an increase in floodwater spreading and enclosure. The multivariate analysis showed that the species composition and functional groups of the study area were affected by the FS practices and enclosure; that important and valuable species such as Agropyron elongatum and Onobrychis altissima responded most to such practice. To sum up, our results clearly showed that the FS practices carried out in the area had a positive effect on species composition and functional groups.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the interaction between the type of management approach and the type of combating desertification projects on soil fertility function. It is especially important in monitoring and evaluation of these projects. For this purpose, at the first, the range of three types of combating desertification projects including bush planting, constructing a crescent pond and seeding - sowing in two different management approaches, Ecological (Sarbisheh combating desertification project) and socio-ecological approaches ( International carbon sequestration project) in Sarbisheh city of South Khorasan province (which were implemented in 2005) were identified. The reference area was determined in each of them and the profile was dug randomly with five replications. Soil sample was taken from a depth of 0-15 cm. Then, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil samples were measured as soil fertility characteristics. The results of analysis of variance showed a non-significant difference between the interaction of management type and desertification index projects on soil potassium content due to the abundance of potassium in the soils of arid regions. However, in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus, a significant difference was observed (P< 0.05). As a result, the highest amount of these elements was observed in socio-ecological management (Respectively 0.19 and 0.005 g/kg) based on bush planting project. Rather, the lowest amount was observed in ecological management based (Respectively 0.14 and 0.002 g/kg) under the same project. The results of this study showed that although bush planting has a greater effect on soil fertility than other projects due to its greater focus on the transfer, planting and irrigation of seedlings and ultimately the increase in vegetation. However, the soil fertility status of this project in the ecological management approach indicates the importance of the type of management, including the implementation, protection and proper operation of projects which will have an important effect on soil fertility performance. The socio-ecological management has thus been able to achieve more success in this field due to the active participation of the local community in all stages of planning, implementation, monitoring and operation, and better protection of the revived areas. Therefore, it can be concluded that although the restoration of the structure and function of the ecosystem is the main aim of all restoration activities, its sustainability process is largely related to the motivation of stakeholders and the effectiveness of economic, social and political mechanisms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the condition of the low altitude of the northern rangeland of Sabalan using the soil surface indicators and functional features of rangeland. Using three transects with 50 meters, five structural features 11 soil surface characteristics were measureal. Statistical analysis of data was performed via a landscape functional analysis method. The ANOVA and Tukey test was used to compare the significance of indicators. The results showed that the mean numbers of ecological patches for grass and forb were 57 and 35 respectively. Bare soil patches had the highest average length about 56.23% and then grass with 21.10%. The amount of landscape structure index was 0.31and for the patch area index was 0.01. Comparison of soil surface assessment criteria for different life forms of vegetation and bare soil on the landscape showed that patches with grass life forms had the highest amount of stability and with ecological patches of litter and bare soil had significant differences (P>0.05). Bare soil had the lowest value for stability and from, the statistical point of view showed significant difference (P>0.05) with grass and forb ecological patches. Comparison of soil permeability indices showed that the highest values of permeability index obtained from forb patches and soil patches had the lowest values, and bare soil were statistically significant difference (P>0.05) with other ecological components. Moreover, on the basis of the results of components degradation, which is created under the effect of livestock grazing, it caused the decrease of stability and malfunctioning of the habitat. Therefore, in general the rangelands in low altitude of North Sabalan are degraded, thus it is necessary to act for preventing continues of rangeland degradation and then try to improve and reclaim these rangelands.

After literature, Hamedani artists have adored visual arts more than any other realms of art. This very article strives to consider and classify the latent currents among Hamedan first generation painters. In other words, it endeavors to introduce, categorize and analyze the available flows from artists’ artworks from the beginning of painting creation on canvas and cloth for Hamedan artists-painters born (Hijri Shamsi 1280-1330). But what is very evident is the effect of nature on the works of painters of Hamadan. Often, the artist takes refuge in nature to understand himself and the connection between feeling and imagination. Because art somehow adheres to an understanding of the world that takes humanity away from all its functions at the level of society for a moment to reach a place of imagination and pure feeling with a special sensitivity. Man can achieve an understanding and transformation of nature in this place of imagination and direct feelingThe article data collection method has been of field collection method, observation method, Interview and library collection method. The works analysis method has been done through descriptive method, and their critique based on form analysis, and stylistics of some of artists’ works through comparative content analysis. The data have been formulized through interviewing and the resources of their interviews in the newspapers, and the artistic works have been taken photo of and analyzed by the article author. The research findings show that almost five parallel flows have been loomed in painting art within Hamedan first generation painters. In regard with the analysis of the works of the pioneers of the painting of Hamedan, some parameters have been put into consideration and have been paid attention to from two perspectives of form and content as following: the subject matter of the work, taking notice of objectivity, the role of the observer, the sort of composition, and formalistic features and techniques in Kamalolmolk school painters, naturalist painters, miniature and national art, religious painters and coffee house, modernist painters. Although the artistic works which have been remained or the cultural history of Hamedan minimally has not been taken notice of sufficiently to be considered verbally and persistently in light of visual arts, from the works of the contemporary artists and thinkers of the city, one can discern the impression of this history on the art and culture of this city palpable and considerable.

In the current century, when the development of science and technology is accompanied by speed, complexity and uncertainties, traditional methods of planning face serious challenges. One of these challenges and weaknesses is the inability of traditional planning to identify key factors. It is ecologically effective in the future development of cities. In fact, the futurist approach to urban planning uses a variety of tools and techniques to build a better future. The present study has identified the key factors affecting the development of Dorcheh city with the technique of interaction analysis, which is one of the common methods of foresight, and using MIC MAC software, with emphasis on the ecological approach. For this purpose, using the Delphi method, among the proposed variables, 20 variables were identified in five groups (social dimensions, political dimensions, economic dimensions, environmental dimensions and physical dimensions) and then analyzed by Mick Mac software. And analyzed. The results indicate that the Dorcheh city system does not have ecological stability and in the scattering page of Mick Mac diagram, five categories of variables (effective, two-dimensional, affective, regulatory and independent) can be identified, finally according to the impact and variability of variables. On top of each other, four variables of environmental degradation, clean energy use, tourism development and agricultural land conservation were identified as the driving and key variables for the development of Dorcheh city with emphasis on ecological approach.