نشریه حفاظت زیست بوم گیاهان
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 17، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Rhamnus pallasii is one of the most important and valuable species in Khalkhal forest area. This study aimed to determine the relationship between vegetation properties of Rhamnus pallasii with soil and physiographic factors using PCA analysis in this forest reserve. In so doing, from 1030 to 2250 m.a.s.l, 48 sample plots of square shape with an area of 400 m2, in three land forms (ridge, valley and slope) in four aspects (north, south, east and west) were selectively determined and quantitative characteristics of Rhamnus pallasii such as total height, collar diameter, crown diameter, shoot and regeneration were measured. In addition, in each sample plot, a mixture soil samples were collected from 0 to 30 cm and some of its physical and chemical properties were measured in the laboratory. In order to study the relationship between Rhamnus pallasii distribution and soil characteristics, a survey was done by principal component analysis. The results showed that the distribution range of Buckthorn varies from 1030 to 2250 m.a.s.l. In general, hillsides and valley forms with south -facing hillsides are suitable sites for this species. The highest mean of height (1.74 m), collar diameter (5.65 cm) and crown diameter (1.75 m) on slope land form and number of regeneration in sample plots (7.4) were observed on valley land form. Results from PCA analysis revealed that in the altitude range of 1030 to 2250 m.a.s.l, the soil texture, especially sand% and silt%, OC% and N% were more suitable conditions for the presence and growth of this species in valley and slope forms in the southern aspects area provided. The results of this study can be used to describe ecosystem sustainability as well as conservation and reforestations such as planting with this species and modifying the structure of deforested forests in the studied areas.

Planting project is a method for improvement of rangeland degradation at which exact implementation depends on many factors. Therefore, there is a need for a fundamental method. In order to locate planting project, in Maravehtappe watershed, analytic hierarchical process and fuzzy logic are applied in this study. In keeping with, four ecological criteria, namely vegetation, soil, physiography and climate were determined along with fourteen sub-criteria. Fuzzy pair comparison matrixes of criteria and sub-criteria were determined through fuzzy analytic hierarchical process; and using triangular fuzzy numbers. Proportional importance of each one of them towards others was presented by getting the opinions of experts. In the next stage, using Changchr('39')s extent analysis, the weight of FAHP for criteria and sub-criteria were achieved. Then, the data layers of the sub-criteria were provided and weight of FAHP was executed on them. Finally, by combining the weight-given data layers, the prioritized plans for executing planting project were achieved. The results showed that as the most important ecological factors, the criteria of climate and soil with the weights 0.529 and 0.254 and sub-criteria of rainfall, EC and canopy cover with the weights of 0.313, 0.145 and 0.121 have mostly influenced the locating of this method. Also, the results showed that the regions are of excellent priority for executing planting project 9.07% of the studied region. Totally, in order to evaluate the correctness of the executed locating, validation of the model was carried out by field visiting and evaluating ecological features. The correctness of results for planting project was calculated as 92.79%. The results showed that using AHP and Fuzzy models can provide more appropriate selection power for managers because of simplifying complicated processes and removal of uncertainty.

Nowaday, forest structure issue is one of the main ecological debates in forest science. Determination of forest structure characteristics is essential for investigating stands changing process, silviculture interventions and revival operations planning. In order to investigate the structure of Ghale-Gol forests in Khorramabad, a set of indices such as Clark and Evans and uniform angle indices, mingling, domination and differentiation were used based on the nearest neighbors. In so doing, 80 circular sample sizes with 12 (acer) areas were collected in the field using a random sampling pattern and these plots were analyzed by Crancod (Ver.1.4) software. Based on the results, the average of Clark and Evans and uniform angle indices were calculated 0.936 and 0.449, respectively. These results showed that the samples have a random distribution with the tendency to be uniform. Also, the result obtained from the average of mingling index was 0.181 that indicated low species mixture. In an investigation on the diversity of tree dimensions, the average of domination and differentiation indices of the crown area were 0.449 and 0.519, respectively. This in turn shows that neighboring trees had a clear difference with each other in terms of the crown area. As the results showed, in the Zagros forests which often consist of wide and pure oak stands, using small sample size reduced time and cost of field survey, recordation of the sample size position, trees and shrubs accurately.  Surveying and monitoring different forest features are more probably suitable for quantification of forests structure.

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the effects of drought stress on plants. Plants increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes to counteract the destructive effects (ROS). In this study, the adaptability and drought resistance of three native species of hot and dry regions of southern Iran, including: Taverniera cuneifolia, Lycium shawii and Rhazya stricta as species with soil conservation, forage and medicinal usage capabilities were investigated.Simple random sampling at wet and dry seasons in aerial parts of the mentioned plants in two regions , namely  Rudan in Hormozgan province and Jiroft in the south of Kerman province was done. The variables of relative leaf water content (RWC), catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were measured in the laboratory using the extraction method. The mean values ​​observed were tested at 95% confidence level. The results of comparing the mean between dry and wet seasons showed that the relative water content of leaves of all three species decreases in dry season. However, this decrease was not significant and the plants were able to retain moisture in hot and dry conditions of dry season. The results showed that the activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes in all three species in the analyzed plant samples in both regions increased significantly in two different regions. Peroxidase activity in R. stricta and L. shawii species increased significantly in both regions and decreased in T. cuneifolia species. In general, these three species are adapted as native species in arid regions of the south of the country against drought stresswhen the activity of oxidative enzymes increased. These plants can be used as drought-resistant ones in projects to rehabilitate and benefit the vegetation of the regions in southern Iran desert.

Present and future distribution status of important forest species needs to be studied as a prerequisite for the need of conservation programs. This thus can play an undeniable role in tackling global climate change, land use change and air pollution. The main purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) under the influence of topographic factors in forests of northern Iran. In so doing, the present distribution status of this species in the 51 watershed of Mazandaran province was determined. Also, the relationship between the main topographic factors (slope, direction, elevation) and sub-components factors (topographic moisture, surface curvature and cross-section curvature) was analyzed and modeled using boosted regression tree (BRT) model and R software package. Under the curve area statistics (AUC) and actual threshold-related skill statistics (TSS) were used to evaluate the model. Findings showed that the AUC and TSS were 0.82 and 0.63, respectively. This indicates that the model was able to predict the distribution of this species. The results also showed that altitude and slope percentages had the most influence on the distribution of this species and the distribution was less affected by secondary topographic variables such as topographic moisture, cross-section curvature and surface curvature. This species is more likely to occur in slopes of 20 to 60 percent, in the northern and eastern directions, and at altitudes of 500 to 1500 meters above sea level. The habitats located at this topographic location are more likely to be affected by future climate change scenarios. Therefore planning and implementing conservation plans for this species in northern forests of Iran seems necessary.

It is inevitable to use key species for projects of rangeland improvement and development. One of the successful projects for rangeland improvement and development is to use seeding with technical knowledge in order to have complex success in poor rangelands that are desert regions. The cultivation of environmentally adaption plants is one of the best biological methods to prevent desertification. The climatic and edaphic characteristics of the arid and desert regions create sensitive and fragile conditions for the growth and deployment of plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Seidlitzia rosmarinus on vegetation and soil in in Shahroud – Chah bagher Region. In so doing, in 3 areas, 18 years old cultivar, 10 years old and Control area,  a  systematic random sampling was carried out along three transects. On each transect, 10 plots (10×10) meter at a distance of 50 meters from each other were placed. In total, 30 plots (10×10) were located in each area. In each plot, the characteristics of vegetation which included crown cover percentage, density, production and regeneration of Seidlitzia rosmarinus were harvested. In order to determine the soil characteristics, soil samples were collected from each depth of 0-30 cm and Soil characteristics such as: soil texture, pH, Organic matter and Ec were measured. The results showed that 5 species were introduced in 18 and 10 year-old cultivated areas. Four species of Zygophyllum fabago, Salsola rigida, Haloxylon aphyllum and Halothamnus subaphyllus were common in 18 and 10-year-old cultivated areas. Salsola arbuscula was observed in 10 year old cultivated area and Artemisia sieberi 18 year old cultivated area. Also, the cultivars of Seidlitzia rosmarinus showed that acidity, organic matter and clay and silt percentage increased compared to the control area. As for diversity indices Shannon Weiner and Simpson and Species richness indicators Margalof and Manning, no significant differences were found between Seidlitzia rosmarinus cultivars ages 10 years and 18 years old. The results of this research indicate that the plant is a key species to be used to cultivate and improve saline soils in the desertification of desert areas.

Knowledge of changes in forest cover in relation to environmental factors can be valuable in terms of conservational and protective guidances. The purpose of this study was to identify, quantify and predict deforestation in relation to topographic variables using logistic regression model. 3 Arasbaran catchments named Naposhtehchay, Ilginehchay and Mardanqumchay, located in NW in Iran  were targeted because of their vital forest ecosystems. In this regard, the reduction of forest cover as dependent variable over three different time periods including 1984-1996, 1996-2006, 2006-2017 was detected using Landsat satellite imagery and post- classification method. On the other hand, 8 independent topographic variables were derived from digital elevation model (DEM) with 30 m resolution including altitude, slope, topographic position index, topographic wetness index, north-ness, east-ness, plan curvature and profile curvature. The results of change detection over the three time periods was indicative of increasing trend of deforestation in Ilgineh and Mardanqum catchments, and ,in contrast, the declining trend of it in Naposhteh catchment. Also, logistic regression models were satisfactory and acceptable in terms of performance to explain and predict the deforestation in relation to topographic variables. The ROC values ​​obtained in the three time periods were 0.76, 0.72 and 0.64, respectively. The modeling showed that the highest probability of deforestation was attributed to convex areas and ridges, high altitudes, valleys, steep slopes, south and east aspects, and wetlands.

Estimators of distance sampling methods based on random spatial pattern of trees are bias in non-random spatial pattern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of spatial pattern of oak trees on the results of quantitative characteristics estimation of three different stands by nearest-individual method estimators in Chaharzabar  forests in Islamabad, west of Kermanshah province. For this purpose, three stands were selected in the area and within each stand half one hectare plot was identified. After full callipering of trees in the stands, according to completely randomized design, 30 samples with  nearest-individual method in each stand carried out. Then, spatial pattern, density, canopy cover and tree height were calculated with nearest-individual sampling method. Results showed that from the three studied stands, two stands had random spatial pattern and one had clumped pattern. Of  five estimators of nearest –individual method based on acceptable accuracy criteria (range ± 10%) for estimate density of trees, the formula proposed by Byth and Ripley in the random spatial pattern and the formula suggested by Batcheler and Bell in aggregate pattern were the most appropriate estimators. In order to estimate trees canopy cover percentage, the formulas suggested by Byth and Ripley, Cottam et al. and Morisita in the random spatial pattern were appropriate. However,  none of them were appropriate to estimate the canopy percentage of trees in clumped spatial pattern. To estimate the height of the trees, since the height was calculated independently of the estimators, it was found that estimation of the tree height by this sampling method yielded good results in both random and clumped patterns. Finally, it can be concluded that the spatial pattern of the trees was effective on the estimators of the nearest-individual distance sampling method.

Estimating the extent of changes in forest and rangelands land cover leads to a clear understanding of the growth or decline of these natural areas and planning for effective protection of these national assets. The aim of current study was to reveal the trend of land-use changes in the Dizmar protected area of Arasbaran vegetative area, using MSS sensor of Landsat-5 for 1984, ETM+ sensor of Landsat-7 for 2000 and OLI sensors of Landsat-7 for 2015 and 2019. For this purpose, the images were classified and supervised with artificial neural network algorithms, support vector machine and maximum probability algorithm for three classes of forest, rangeland and other uses (any other land use except forest and rangeland). The results showed that the support vector machine method with higher overall accuracy than the maximum probability methods and artificial neural network has a higher efficiency in classifying forest and rangeland cover classes in the study area. Estimates showed that during 34 years, the forest cover has decreased by 135.53 square kilometers and the rangeland and other land use cover have increased by 103.19 and 32.34 square kilometers. Also, the most type of land use change during the years 1364 to 2019 with 64.15 square kilometers was related to the conversion of forest cover. The results of the present study clearly indicate the encroachment on the forest lands of the region. This in turn highlights the need for technical rehabilitation operations in this vegetation area.

One of the most important issues in forest biometrics is the use of allometric functions to estimate tree height by using diameter-height models. Measuring the total height of trees is usually a complex and time-consuming process. In allometric functions, the diameter is measured directly but the height of the tree is an estimate of an allometric model, which will be more accurate if the created models were correctly designed. For this reason, diameter-height models have been considered as an important element in forest management and monitoring nowadays. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of allometric models in estimating the height of this species in the present study. For this purpose, 32 allometric models were used and the coefficient of determination, standard error, Akaike coefficient, Root Mean Square Error, percentage of Root Mean Square Error, Bias, and percent of Bias criteria were used for estimating the accuracy of each model. The results showed that five models consisting of Loetsch, Ratkowsky, Hyperbolic 2, Hyperbolic 3, and Modified Geometry were able to measure the height of poplar trees (as the dependent variable) in terms of diameter of breast height (as the independent variable) with the highest amount of coefficient of determination (0.829-0.830), The lowest amounts of standard error (1.756-1.758), RMSE (0.682- 0.747 m), the RMSE% (3.177-3.511), Bias (-0.076 to -0.331), and Bias% (0.352 -1.558). In addition, the results of the t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the predicted values of height and the actual measured values of height. Consequently, these models were able to estimate the height of poplar trees without significant difference.

The present study was conducted in order to investigate floristic study and to determine life forms and geographical distribution of vegetation in Farsian region of Galikesh county in Golestan province. Sampling was done during growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. In total, 122 plant species belonging to 101 genera and 41 families were identified. Asteraceae (16 species), Fabaceae (13 sp.), Lamiaceae (12 sp.), Boraginaceae (8 sp.) and Poaceae (7 sp.) were the largest families. The largest genera were Convolvulus, Euphorbia and Trifolium each with 3 species. Most of the identified species belonged to the dicots. According to Runkier chr('39')s classification, therophytes (38%) and hemicryptophytes (30%) were the dominant life forms in the region, which indicates destruction and harsh highland condition in the region, respectively. With regard to geographic distribution, the region was mainly affected by Irano-Touranian and Euro-siberian elements.This is reasonable due to the location of the region. Conservational status was available for 9 species, among which 3 sp. were included in group with low risk and 6 sp. in group with data deficient.

Investigating the soil and vegetation characteristics of forest provides basic and essential information on the management process of forests. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject,  this study is to investigate the distribution of different soil parameters and vegetation diversity in a part of oak forests of Ilam province using geostatistics methods. In so doing, at first, 100 plot centers were identified in a systematic random method with a network by 100 × 200 m2 dimensions. Three samples were selected  around  the center of each plot at a depth of 20 cm. In each plot, 4 samples of 1 m2 were used for vegetation sampling.  After calculating different parameters, the spatial structure of the parameters investigated, the estimated accuracy was calculated, and finally the spatial distribution map of the various parameters was papered. The results showed that there is a spatial dependency between the characteristics of the soil as well as diversity, richness and uniformity in the studied area and the distribution map of these parameters provided with proper accuracy. In addition, the results of the comparison between the two protected and unprotected areas showed that there was a significant difference between the two regions in relation to the different variables.

Climate change may make challenges to the conservation of plant species such as the Fritillaria imperialis that have narrow geographical distribution. In this study, the modeling suitable habitats of F. imperialis in Iran was done in the current condition and under climate change (2050). In so doing, 78 species presence data along with 12 environmental variables including bioclimatic, physiographic and land cover/land use variables were used. The ensemble modelling consisting of seven Species Distribution Models (SDMs) was coupled with three general circulation models and four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenario. Our findings showed that estimated potential habitats of the species cover about 7.69% of the study area while approximately 9.08% of these suitable areas were covered by conservation areas. Due to climate change, the least and most decline of suitable habitats 46.1% to 77.37% might occur in 2050 respectively. Minimum temperature of the coldest month, elevation, and annual precipitation, had the greatest effects on the species’ distribution in the study area. In keeping with the results, F. imperialis was predicted to shift toward higher elevation under climate change. The accuracy of the maps was assessed and functioning of all models was acceptable (AUC> 0.87 and TSS> 0.75). The suitable habitat identified could be considered for the adoption of management and conservation approaches, including re-introduction and the establishment of new protected areas in order to protect F. imperialis against the expected climate change impacts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Trifolium genus on the composition, diversity, forage value and quantitative vegetation parameters and interaction between Trifolium species and invasive species Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. in Fandoghlou rangelands in Ardabil province. In determining the sampling locations, six sites by systematic random method and due to the distribution of Trifolium species and L. vulgare were conducted. To compare data composition, diversity and evenness, density, canopy cover and production of all plants and L. vulgare in the selected sites, one way ANOVA and Duncan multiple test were used. Eighthy species belonging to 60 genera and 23 families were identified. Trifolium repense and T. pratense were the main species of this habitat and distributed in all sampling sites. Factors of richness, diversity and evenness between the sites of presence/absence of Trifolium species had a significantly difference (p<0.05). According to the results, 23 species have high forage value, 8 species have medium forage value and 49 species have low forage value, which species with high forage value in the sites with presence of T. repense and T. pratense have more density. Density, canopy cover and production of L. vulgare had a significant difference between the sites with presence/absence of Trifolium species (p<0.05). Moreover, density, canopy cover and production of all plants between the sites with presence/absence of Trifolium species had a significant difference (p<0.05). According to the results of this study, conservation and restoration of valuable native species should be considered in management utilization of steppe rangelands.

Knowledge on the relationship between tree height (H) and diameter at breast height (D) is crucial for forest planning, monitoring, biomass estimation, and forest stands dynamics description. In keeping with, in this study, the researchers evaluated 20 different height-diameter models to estimate accurately the height of the trees of Pinus brutia and Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis species in Arabdagh region (northeast of Golestan province). Required data for cypress and pine species were collected from 114 and 98 circular sampling plots, respectively, using a systematic cluster survey network with cluster spacing of 400 * 600 m. Species characteristics such as diameter at the breast height of all trees (greater than 7.5 cm) and trees height were measured and recorded in all sample plots. Overall, 389 and 299 pairs of height-diameter observations were collected for cypress and pine, respectively. The 75 percent of the data were used in the modeling process and the rest data were used to evaluate the models. The fitness of the models was evaluated using statistical criteria of% RMSE and R2. The results showed that for cypress and pine, the R2 ranging from 0.55 to 0.59 and 0.50 to 0.51 and the RMSE% varied from 15.32 to 22.87 and 11.09 to 16, respectively. At the end, the models of Sibbesen, Michaelis-Menten, Power, Prodan, and Chapman-Richards for the Cypress, and the Gomperz, Korf, Weibull, Michailoff, and Ratkowsky models for the pine species were better able to estimate trees height.

Determining the potential of soil seed bank and its specific species is important for conservation goals and vegetation restoration of rangelands. In this study, the characteristics of soil seed bank and standing vegetation in Lazour mountain rangeland were investigated in order to estimate the rehabilitation ability of the study area in case of possible disturbances. In order to determine the percentage of similarity between the floristic composition of the soil seed bank and vegetation on the ground, display the distribution pattern of species, determine the species contribution in the similarity and determine the specific species of each group, respectively Sorenson index, nMDS ordination analysis, ANOSIM and SIMPER tests and analysis of index species was used. The results showed that in the soil seed bank, therophytes and annual herbaceous as well as the Poaceae family had the highest percentage of species. Considering the presence of all soil seed bank species in the vegetation list of the study area, Sorenson similarity index was estimated to be 67%. Bromus tomentellus played the highest role in creating a similarity matrix between standing vegetation and soil seed bank. Poa bulbosa with at least 71 seeds per square meter was significantly considered one of the valuable species at the depth of 5-10 cm soil seed bank. Also, important species with conservation value from the perspective of rangeland sciences such as Bromus tomentellus, Thymus pubescens, Stipa holosericea, Lactuca orientalis, Festuca ovina and Astragalus lilacinus with at least 913, 269, 234, 120, 57 and 14 seeds per square meter of soil, respectively, will be able to restore Lazour rangeland in case of destruction of vegetation on the ground.

The Arghavan Valley of Binalood county located at Khorasan Razavi province, is a habitat for valuable and almost rare plant community in eastern Iran which is dominated by Cercis griffithii Boiss. shrubs. This habitat is very important for environmental aspects and combat desertification. It has documented the place where arid and semi-arid shrublands are destroyable, highly unrestorable. The Arghavan valley is located at geomorphological faces of mountainous which contains two distinct geomorphic facies of regular slopes and irregular ones that appear as rock outcrops with debris. Apparently, this shrub has a kind of distribution pattern and biological power which is related to the geomorphic facies. Then, to survey  the density of the shrubs in soiled slopes and rock outcrops, five sites were selected in such a way that enjoy the most similarities with each other to minimize the impact of other environmental factors. By counting the number of the shrubs and determining the area of ​​each site using Google Earth software, density of the shrubs determined and statistical differences of facies were compared. In order to evaluate and compare vigority of the shrubs, 30 plants were selected randomly and their canopy cover was calculated. 15 plants were then selected and leaf areas of 12 leaves were measured at each plant. Two attributes of leaf area and canopy cover were determined and compared statistically. Based on the results, at two geomorphic facies, mean density and leaf area were significantly different at 95% level, and the difference in mean canopy cover of the shrubs was significantly at 99% level. The shrub, therefor, has higher density on rocky outcrop with debris but more vigor on regular slopes. Favorable micro-climatic conditions of rocky outcrops for seed and seedlings establishment may cause higher density at these facies. More possibility of root development, water and nutrition absorption at soiled slops caused more vigority at these geomorphological facies.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the interaction between the type of management approach and the type of combating desertification projects on soil fertility function. It is especially important in monitoring and evaluation of these projects. For this purpose, at the first, the range of three types of combating desertification projects including bush planting, constructing a crescent pond and seeding - sowing in two different management approaches, Ecological (Sarbisheh combating desertification project) and socio-ecological approaches ( International carbon sequestration project) in Sarbisheh city of South Khorasan province (which were implemented in 2005) were identified. The reference area was determined in each of them and the profile was dug randomly with five replications. Soil sample was taken from a depth of 0-15 cm. Then, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil samples were measured as soil fertility characteristics. The results of analysis of variance showed a non-significant difference between the interaction of management type and desertification index projects on soil potassium content due to the abundance of potassium in the soils of arid regions. However, in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus, a significant difference was observed (P< 0.05). As a result, the highest amount of these elements was observed in socio-ecological management (Respectively 0.19 and 0.005 g/kg) based on bush planting project. Rather, the lowest amount was observed in ecological management based (Respectively 0.14 and 0.002 g/kg) under the same project. The results of this study showed that although bush planting has a greater effect on soil fertility than other projects due to its greater focus on the transfer, planting and irrigation of seedlings and ultimately the increase in vegetation. However, the soil fertility status of this project in the ecological management approach indicates the importance of the type of management, including the implementation, protection and proper operation of projects which will have an important effect on soil fertility performance. The socio-ecological management has thus been able to achieve more success in this field due to the active participation of the local community in all stages of planning, implementation, monitoring and operation, and better protection of the revived areas. Therefore, it can be concluded that although the restoration of the structure and function of the ecosystem is the main aim of all restoration activities, its sustainability process is largely related to the motivation of stakeholders and the effectiveness of economic, social and political mechanisms.

Recognizing of plants present in a region is considered as a baseline study for ecological research, management and conservation of plants. The purpose of this study was to collect and identify  the plants of Azizak and Paein Ahmad kola Wetlands of Babolsar in Mazandaran province. After specifying the boundaries of the study areas on the map and conducting field visits, the plants were collected , dried and identified . A total of 84 species belonging to78 genera and 36 families in Azizak wetland and a total of 95 species belonging to 85 genera and 39 plant families in Paein Ahmadkola wetland have been collected and identified. In Azizak and Paein Ahmad kola wetlands, plants of Poaceae family with 15 and 18 species and Asteraceae with 11 and 15 species were the richest plant families, respectively. Examination of plant life forms showed that therophytes had the highest rate in Azizak wetland with 28.92% and in Paein Ahmad kola wetland with 43.62%. In terms of geographical distribution, most species belonged to pluriregional elements with 66.27% in Azizak wetland and 65.96% in Paein Ahmad kola wetland. In general, floristic study of plants in wetland ecosystems can be one of the first steps to identify these ecosystems which in turn can provide the basis for more comprehensive studies.