Selection in animal populations to increase the frequency of ideal alleles causes of remaining some signs in the animal genome, which are usually associated with important traits. Today, with developments in next-generation sequencing and easier access to animal genomic information, some models have been proposed to identify selective signatures based on allelic frequency and haplotype blocks. This research aimed to identify the selective signatures in two horse breeds of Caspian and Kurdish using a k70 SNP chip.

 In this research blood samples from 35 Caspian and 31 Kurdish horses were collected. After DNA extraction and sequencing (by Illumina company), Quality control of the data was performed for minimum allele frequency (PMAF<0.05), genotyping rate (PGENO < 0.5), and deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (PH-W<1 ͯ 10-6). Then the theta (θ) test and ensemble site were used for identifying selective signatures and the positions of snaps respectively, and finally, the genes related to these positions were identified.

 After quality control of data and integration of genomic data of two populations based on R package protocols, 61 horses with 52,650 SNPs remained for the rest analysis. Finally, Fst statistical test based on unbiased estimator theta method 31 differentiating markers of the two studied horse breed were identified

The results showed that Caspian and Kurdish horse breeds belong to two separate groups. The Kurdish horse breed has more diversity and variety than the Caspian. The most important genes associated with significant SNPs were INPP5F, HPSE2, R3HCC1, DOCK3, ITGB6, GM6B, PHEX, WDR13, LRCH2, GRIA3 and THOC2. Most of the identified genes were associated with intercellular exchanges, muscle contractions, immunity, membrane support, DNA stability, and the nervous system.

 Among domesticated animals, the horse can be considered as one of the most influential animals in the process of human life modernization. Based on archaeological evidence, the presence of horses in Iran goes back to 3000 BC. Today, over 300 horses are recognized worldwide and a great number that is indigenous to Iran. The statistics provided by FAOSTAT indicate that there are about 140,000 horses. Due to climate diversity in Iran, there are various horse breeds in different parts of the country, such as Turkmen, Kordi, Drehshuri, Arab, Sistani, Northwest native and Caspian horses. Study of variations in Y chromosome and mtDNA make it possible to the characterization of genetic diversity in the maternal and paternal lines, respectively. Despite the high diversity in the genome of mitochondria in horses, but variation in Y chromosome is in low level. Low variation in Y chromosome of horses can be due to small male effective population size and loss of variations due to bottleneck during domestication. Several studies on Chinese indigenous and European modern horses revealed that native horses have more Y chromosomal variation in compared with modern breeds. So, the aim of present study was an assessment of genetic diversity in paternal line of Iranian horses using Y chromosome. Identified the genetic structure is important for appropriate breeding programs.

 Blood samples were collected from Jugular vein using 4 ml tubes containing EDTA (1 mg/ml) of 81 horse belonging to six different populations including Ardebil’s stables horses (24 samples), Northwest horses (17 samples), Kordi horses (15 samples), Arab horses (10 samples), Darehshuri horses (10 samples) and Qarebagh horses (5 samples). Total genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood. A total of the 264-bp fragment (locus: Y-50869) of Y chromosome was amplified using a pair of 20-nucleotide primer (Genbank accession number: JX646950). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out and then, products of PCR sequenced using Sanger sequencing method. Alignment of sequences was performed by MEGA 6.0 software. Also, MEGA 6.0 used for segregating sites identification and also phylogeny tree construction based on identified haplotypes. DnaSP5 was used to the estimation of haplotype diversity (Hd), nucleotide diversity (π), genetic distance (Dxy) and an average number of differences (k). Finally, the median-joining network was generated using the Network 5 program to present the possible relationships among haplotypes.

 Alignment of sequences led to the identification of six segregating sites and consequently nine haplotypes based on Y chromosome sequences. Three haplotypes (H_1, H_2, and H_6) are widely distributed among under study samples, so that, 65 of 81 (more than 80 %) individuals have placed in three haplotypes. Among haplotypes with more than one individual, there is no special haplotype for any of breeds.  Haplotype diversity values ranged from 0.6 for Arab breed to 0.86 for Kordi breed. The nucleotide diversity values ranged from 0.00288 for Arab breed to 0.01442 for the Qarebaghg breed. Average values for nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity were 0.0067 and 0.81 respectively. Comparison of present results with the previous study on mtDNA diversity of Iranian horses revealed that maternal line of Iranian horses is more divers from paternal line.  Among Iranian breeds, Dareshuri breed has the lowest nucleotide diversity 0.00481 and haplotype diversity 0.00481 and 0.8 respectively. Assessment of genetic distance among breeds revealed that Ardebil and Qarebagh horses have the highest distance (0.00822), while Arab and Dareshuri horses showed the lowest genetic distance (0.00327). Obtained results indicated that, unlike Arab breed, Qarebagh horses had low influence in Iranian horses. Phylogeny tree based on haplotypes of Iranian horses showed that divided into two branches. Generally, 73 individual (90.12% of all horses) and 8 individuals (9.88% of all samples belongs to each of the two branches.

 The number of haplotypes which was found for Iranian native horses was placed among three haplogroups, which indicate moderate genetic variety and numerous maternal lines in native horses of Iran. It seems that the presence of the accurate pedigree information along genetic studies can help us to better categorize Iranian horses. In fact, to designing effective breeding strategies, we need to identify the precise genetic structure of Iranian horses. What we learned from this study was that Iranian horses in compared with European pure breeds are more diverse. Obtained results from this study showed that Stalions of Arab breed had high impact in Iranian horses.

As the progress of molecular genetics techniques, it is now possible to determine the relationship between individuals and their evolutionary process. In this study, the genetic structure and assignment test of Kurdish horses breed to its origin or Arab and Turkmen horses breed were investigated using 12 microsatellite markers recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). For this purpose, blood samples from 238 Kurd, 36 Arab and 30 Turkmen horses were taken in their distribution areas. DNA was extracted from Blood samples by the salting-out method. DNA fragments were amplified by multiplex PCR reaction using fluorescently labeled primers and determined by capillary electrophoresis. The mean of observed and effective alleles for all markers was 9.9 and 4.71, respectively. The highest and lowest expected heterozygosity was obtained for ASB17 (0.83) and HTG4 (0.71) markers, respectively. Cluster analysis using the UPGMA method and the Dice coefficient differentiated each breed. The result of the Bayesian Assignment test showed that all individuals correctly assigned to its population, so it seems that these markers are useful for the assignment test. Overall, the results of this study showed that the microsatellite markers used in this study showed high genetic diversity, so the use of these markers for genetic diversity study and assignment test of the Kurdish horse is recommended. So, these markers can be used to determine the exact origin of the Kurdish horse breed and eliminated the non-purebred horses from the reproductive process.

Fractures of the rostral mandible in horses are the most common type of jaw fractures. The present study was performed for stabilization of rostral mandibular fracture with cerclage wire. In a retrospective case series, six client-owned horses with unilateral mandibular fractures were admitted to our clinic and suffered from a major gingival wound at rostral part of mandible. Rostral mandibular fracture was diagnosed through clinical examination and radiography. Fractured region was repaired by cerclage wire under the effect of general anesthesia and wires were maintained for 6-12 weeks. The repair of mandibular fracture by cerclage wiring exhibited good fracture reduction and fixation in five horses and fair results in one horse. After twelve weeks, the fracture healing was excellent practically and cosmetically. Furthermore, the horses appeared normal without any evidence of teeth-related mastication problems, obstinate fracture-site fistula, or extreme callus formation. Radiographically, cerclage wire achieved good fracture fixation and fracture gap closure. Moreover, the formation of uniting callus was noticed at 6-12 weeks post-operatively. It was concluded that, unilateral mandibular fracture in horses can successfully be repaired by interdental wiring (IDW). All horses were returned to their usual activities without any fracture healing-related masticatory problems at the time of follow-up.

 The aim of the present study was to investigate genetic diversity in six Iranian horse populations including Ardabil native horses, Ardabil clubs horses and Arab, Drehshoori, Kordi and Qarabakh breeds.

 To perform the present study, 100 horses were sampled. After extraction and quality assessment of DNA, polymerase chain reaction was performed for eight microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity and statistical analysis were performed using GenAlEx 6.5 software. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using microsatellite marker information indicating genetic distances of analyzed horse breeds. Also, STRUCTURE software was used to analysis of genetic structure of Iranian horse populations.

The obtained results showed that the number of observed alleles in Ardabil native horses was 22, while this value for Dareshoori breed was 7.5. The observed heterozygosity was ranged from 0.865 for Kordi to 1 for Qarabakh breed. The average of observed alleles was calculated 13.729. Investigation phylogenetic tree showed that Ardabil native horses and Ardabil clubs horses have low genetic distance.

The investigation of genetic diversity of Iranian horses using eight microsatellite markers indicated that there is significant genetic variation in Iranian horses in the Northwest of Iran. Part of this variation is due to use of uncontrolled mating among breeds.

Killing of Siavash by Torranians caused a type of mourning rituals in Iran known as Siavash mourning or Siavashan. In Lorish and Kurdish region, the mourning rituals called Ghamar and the performance in these areas are the same. This Paper has been written to examine the mourning rites in Lurish and Kurdish regions and its resemblances with mourning in Shahnameh. In these regions, it seems the mourning ceremonies shares a lot in common with mourning rituals in ancient Iran particularly with Shahnameh. In this paper, there has been tried to pay the comparative essay on the mourning rituals in Lurish and Kurdish regions and the mourning in Shahnameh, referring to the field and library methods and sources.

Romanticism in Kurdish literature, like the literature of other nations in the Middle East, was formed under the influence of Western romanticism. The term romanticism was introduced to contemporary Kurdish literature at the beginning of the 20th century. Romanticism in Kurdish literature, and especially in poetry, was formulated under indirect influences of Turkish romantic literature. Hekari, Piremird, Goran and Sheikh Nouri Sheikh Saleh were able to establish the school of romanticism in Kurdish literature. Kurdish romantic poetry was developed by a number of poets after this first group and they completely avoided the order of classicism in terms of theme and content. Goran, as the precursor of contemporary Kurdish poetry, was able to elevate Kurdish romantic poetry to its peak. In this article, we introduce Abdul Rahim Rahimi Hekari as the founder of Kurdish romantic poetry. We also discuss the history of romanticism; its origin, its dominance, and the reasons behind its emergence and expansion in Kurdish literature. Then we present the components of romanticism in the poems and works of Kurdish poets, as well as the relationship between modern and romantic poetry in Kurdish literature.

Kurdish is classified into three sets of Northern, Central, and Southern branches, with Kurmanji, Sorani, and Kalhori being the main dialects of these branches respectively. The progressive prefix is /di-/ in Kurmanji, /da-/ in Sorani, /də-/ in Ilami, and with no phonetic realization in Kalhori. However, there is evidence that suggests this prefix has been once phonetically realized in its previous historical stages, just like other variants of Kurdish. Enjoying a comparative look, this article aims to introduce certain forms from Kalhori Kurdish which contain relicts of this prefix. In the present article, the phonetic realization of this prefix is first investigated in Sorani, Ardalani, Ilami, and Kalhori.

The data of this study were collected by interviewing 10 speakers of the four aforementioned dialects, and were then transcribed and compared inter-dialectally.

After analyzing the data, it became clear that this prefix does not make up a stressed syllable in any of these variants, and the observed diversity in the phonetic realizations of this prefix could stem from the unstressed syllable being weakened.

By comparing Kalhori Kurdish with the three other dialects, the relicts of the prefix are identified in the present continuous forms of the verbs "to come", "to bring", and "to see" as well as the negative prefix of present continuous in Kalhori Kurdish.

The aim of this paper is studying the evolution of horse imageryand recognizing the position of horses، both structurally and conceptually،from Median toAchaemenid eras. The question is that what position the various images of horses hadin terms of concept، aesthetic structure and function in Median and Achaemenid eras. In this study، horse images from Median artifacts to Achaemenid reliefs are studied in terms of aesthetic harmony of horse depictions، functional proportionateness of tools، the crucial role of horse in containers and rhythuns، and the cultural، political and social place of horse. The results indicate that the Median holy and ritual horse، depicted with simple and abstract forms associated with ritual and symbolic meanings that would be buried besides its owner to crossto the other world after death and to guard the deceased against the evil forces، in Achaemenid era appears naturalistically and refined besides the man in royal formalities with social intentions.