In a conceptual-analytical study using a deductive classificatory content analysis method ten constructivist instructional design models were selected, and learning/teaching approaches within each model were appraised. Using the original writings of the originators of each design model, the learning and teaching approaches employed or permitted to be used it each model were classified as: (1) individual; (2) group; and (3) dual-purpose approaches. A six category classification of constructive instructional design models was achieved. Findings show that none of the models have both dual-purpose teaching/learning approaches, and in teaching and learning approaches, most of the models fall in the "individual" category, and only few models fall in the "group" category with regard to teaching and learning approaches.

The design patterns and matching local housing construction and development of urban spaces and urban design patterns climate issues is important. This is an important monuments and buildings that are consistent with the Climatology and local characteristics of each region must be under the influence of positivist approaches; Always, the emphasis on "science" of urban design and architecture of local housing. In this article by documents and studies on local housing and urban field studies on the formation of local and indigenous housing specifically referenced in Kerman. Finally, the social and environmental aspects of urban planning and design, native housing in the city of Kerman; And in the tables of the models and analysis of local housing is Kerman.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Reigeluth and Gagné instructional design models together and with traditional method in learning Vocational and Technical Teaching (Industrial Arts) of the third grade junior students. To achieve this objective, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group was used. Population consisted of all male students of third grade junior school of Qods city and a sample of 59 people from the community who were selected through cluster sampling in the control group and the experimental testing of two, respectively, with conventional approaches, the models of Gagné and Reigeluth instructional designs, training was provided for them. For each group pre-test, post-test and retention tests was conducted. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, indicators such as the mean and standard deviation scores, used and inferential statistics to evaluate the hypothesis of analysis of covariance was used. The results showed that the difference between traditional learning and instructional design models of Reigeluth and Gagné at a significance level of 95% is significant, but there was no significant difference between educational design models of Gagné and Reigeluth.

The quality of contemporary urban squares based on indigenous lessons is one of the topics considered by the designers and the concerns of the present study. Assuming that the pattern language of historical squares in Yazd region can be recognized, this study aims to apply the pattern language theory to design these squares not only for morphological description, but also for exploring the application in the design of squares as well as redesigning of historical squares. Therefore, using theoretical perspectives and practical experiences on pattern language theory, this article aims to develop a method for recognizing design patterns and use it in extracting design patterns as well as the relationship between patterns to form a network of a pattern language. The basis for recognizing patterns is the historical squares of Yazd region (seven squares including Amirchakhmaq square, Shah square, Khan square, Vaqt al-Sa'eh square, Qala square, Lord Fahadan square and Shah Nematullah Vali Taft square) which are completely Iranian squares. These seven squares have been selected in different scales and functions and from different historical periods, including the Timurid, Safavid and Qajar periods. Six squares are located in the historical context of Yazd and one square is located in the historical context of Taft. The present research is applied-development and has been done by qualitative and historical-comparative method. In the process of reviewing the applied model, including four steps for extracting and recognizing design patterns have been developed. The first step is to experimentally observe and extract field similarities in different contexts. In the second step, the words of the pattern language or design patterns are extracted and the components and levels of the patterns as well as the functional and structural patterns of each are described. The third step is to formulate the relationships between the patterns or the rules of the pattern language, and the fourth step is to formulate general rules for designing urban squares. The most important output patterns include empty courtyard pattern, one-level and two-level color system, enclosed space, rectangular geometry, stepped composition, repetitive element of five- and seven-week arches, orientation, hierarchy, balance and contrast, entrance enclosures are spatial coherence and functional convergence. The result of this research is the development of thirteen rules for designing squares that include unity, hierarchy, proportions, ecology, spatial orientation, balance, spatial contrast, continuity, diversity, identity, universality, populism and simplicity.

This research pursues the cognition Architectural and Landscape characteristics of gardens of Ghasre Ghajar of Tehran and Takht of Shiraz، also trying to attain structural essential patterns in both and the ways these two relate to each other، with the aim of revitalizing the patterns of terraced garden and then implementing in new Architectural Landscape projects. This attempt is justified with the fact that this two gardens were the most prominent and important examples of terraced gardens which in turn was the most beautiful and rare types of Iranian gardens. The hypothesis of research is the use of patterns of architecture and landscape Takht garden in Ghasre Ghajar garden. The research that is forming with librarian method، investigates the limits of this influence to see whether it is limited to just structural and physical aspects or Ghasre Ghajar garden has also adopted characteristic design patterns and fundamental principles of Architecture and Landscape design of Takht garden. As an introduction and pre requisition for analysis and comparisons between structural physical characteristical patterns of this two gardens، the description and history of the Takht garden، accompanied with the precise structural description of both two gardens is presented here. The result of this research shows that considering all the analysis and comparisons –done in this research and the succession of Ghasre Ghajar garden to Takht garden، it was influenced only structural physical aspects of it’s landscape design and there are characterestical differences between design patterns of these two which have laid the ground for the realization of two different kinds of relation between garden and nature. Takht garden، like common trends of relation between nature and garden in Persian garden، has chosen the «with nature» trend، on the contrary (and to the most Persian gardens) Ghasre Ghajar garden has approached to the «dominant on nature» trend.

The main objective of the theories of national security is the safety and security of the nations in the international arena. But in order to achieve this, two initiatives bust be activated. First, there must be a strategic plan in order to strengthen national security. Second, this strategic plan must be manifested in laws and regulations. This paper tries to analyze these two matters in the laws of the economic, political, and cultural development program. In the first step, we study different national security theories and categorize them in strategic categories in order to test their success probability. Thus, five major western security theories have been analyzed and introduced. Then, strategic plans have been analyzed and applied to these theories. Main strategic plans of obtaining security from the beginning of the revolution have been analyzed in order to understand their characteristics. The results show that the I.R.I. security approach has turned from a hard and western attitude to a soft and Islamic one. This paper concludes that only an Islamic comprehensive security strategy can ensure national security of the I.R.I.

Ilam province has historical monuments that castles are such of this works and due to geographical and historical position, the area is of greater diversity and certain architectural features. This article seeks to find dominant style, design patterns and common significant characteristics between the castles of the Qajar era in Ilam province. The main question is whether socio-political, cultural and indigenous concepts in the formation of performances and spaces and their relationships in the castle are effective?
According to this, researching and studying the style and way of life of the people at that time, is vernacular architecture, and socio-political and cultural conditions of that era. Theoretical framework of research is based on the design features of common architecture of castles. The methodology of research is historical interpretative andreasoning method of this research is analogical. Data were collected in two ways, documentary and library.
The results suggest that these types of buildingswere constructed in different climatic conditions and with a relatively different form and they had almost similar user;Common patterns existed in their design, which has largely been influenced by past behavior patterns. In this regard, we can refer to following design patterns: the type and style entrances, type of plan and spatial relationships, and locating of some spaces such as toilets and king rooms, etc., the fitness of built spaces and open spaces and consistency and following of the style of decorations ofQajar era and the user of castles that the type of all buildings isdesert castles (Dashti castles) with the user of mansion castle (Dar-al-emareh castles).

This studywas conducteddue to theimportanceandeffectiveness ofinstructionaldesign models speciallyGagne modelin the field ofeducational activities، and aimed at comparingthe effectiveness of Gagne model of learning and Dick & Careyinstructional design model on learning، retention and achievement motivation of third grade students in science course. The design of the research was quasi–experimentalwithpretest-posttestandcontrol group. The population of the study wasallthe third-grade girl students ofAharcity inthe academic year of1390-91. A sample of 3 classes including 25 students each was selected using cluster random method. Instruments used toinvestigate the variables were learning، retention test and achievement motivation questionnaire (ISM). Validity of the tests was investigated using instructional designexperts،stakeholdersand anumber oflearners. The reliabilityof learningtestusing split-half methodturned out to be 0/83 andthe reliabilityof achievementmotivationquestionnaire (ISM) using Cronbach''s alpha method was 0/81. The first experimental group (25 students) was trained based on Gagne learning model for 8 sessions (every sessionlasted for 45 minutes)، the second experimental group (n=25) was taught based on Dick & Carey instructional designmodeland the control group (n = 25) based ontraditionalmethod. Descriptive (mean، standarddeviation) and inferential statistics (Analysisof covariance، Multivariate analysis of variance and Bonferroni test) were used to analyze the data usingSPSSsoftware. The results revealed that applying Gagne learning model compared with Dick & Carey instructional design model increased learning andretention in the students; however، nosignificant difference inachievement motivationwas found between groups.