Due to its predominantly arid and water-deficient climate, Iran faces the challenge of dehydration. The rate of exploitation and consumption of water resources plays some role. Iranian civil law, which is the first law governing the processes of water resources exploitation, inspired by Shi’i  law, has based its relevant rules on theories such as absolute ownership of land, priority, privacy, and acquisition. The theoretical bases of the legal system of water resources management is thus based on private property, which along with the development of new technologies of drilling and exploitation has led to uncontrolled consumption of water resources. Therefore, the revision of these theoretical foundations is necessary in order to limit and regulate the exploitation of water resources. The first theory listed above, absolute ownership of land,  crystallized in Article 96 of the Civil Code, holds that whoever owns a piece of land has the absolute ownership of the water resources under it and can use them however he wishes without any restrictions. Apart from giving rise to disputes among, A second theory, the right of precedence, regulates the use of  water resources based on the date of first discovery and exploitation, which is an implication of the precedence rule in Shi’i law according to which prearrangements for reclamation of resources is a basis for priority in possession. . A third theory, territory of land (harim), is another basis granting the owner of a piece of land  surrounding a surface water source such as a river or lake the right to own and exploit these water resources. Accordingly, the ownership of water is a function of the land ownership, and there is no right to transfer the ownership of water, independent of the adjacent lands. Some jurists in these cases have relied on the rule ‘Al-Aqrab fa al-Aqrab’ (‘Who is closer takes priority’), based on the fact that whoeveris closer to the water stream, is superior to others, and Article 156 of the Civil Code has been influenced by this theory. But the theory of attainment,which has more supporters in Shi’i law, is based on the possession of water., According to this everyone owns any amount of water that he or she obtained through the possession and branching of surface water or digging wells and aqueducts. Article 149 of the Civil Code regarding the possibility of acquiring surface water and Article 160 of the same Code governing the digging and acquisition of wells and aqueducts have been taken from this theory.  These theories, which have led to the private ownership and management of water resources, have led to the development of mechanized methods of exploitation and, in turn, to the destruction of water resources. Articles of civil law and other regulations that are influenced by the aforementioned theories, on the one hand, and a tendency towards a state-centered view of public ownership, on the other, as in the Law of Equitable Distribution of Water, which recognizes the government as the owner of water, by applying proprietary behaviors, makes it an instrument for its economic and social policies, has permitted the unwarranted exploitation and has exacerbated the water crisis. Therefore, based on the environmental needs and the international trends viewing water as a national asset belonging to future generations, this article seeks  a theory that can be based on environmental, jurisprudential and legal principles and provides grounds for  revising laws and regulations governing the ownership and management of water resources, in particular Articles 149 to 160 of the Civil Code, which make water a common property that is open to free acquisition and private ownership.  Accordingly, Article 1 of the Law of Equitable Distribution of Water, enacted in 1982, which is influenced by Article 45 of the Iranian Constitution, has a great potential to change the approach to the ownership of water, based on the concept of public trust, private ownership to one based on the concept of trust. The article relies on the explicit use of the word trust in the Law to lead to more effective policies and regulations in the protection of water resources and in the issuance of licenses for its exploitation, and to prevent unrelenting competition in the consumption of this common resource and uncontrolled harvesting and drastic reduction ofthe country's water reservoirs. This article uses an analytical and descriptive research. Relying on library resources it studies different perspectives in order to answer the question what is the basis of the right to use water resources in the jurisprudential andlegal system of Iran and which theoretical bases can be selected for it. to ensure protection and preservation of water resources. It first suggests and examines various theories, and then seeks to formulate, under the final theory which is based on the concept of public trust, a view in accordance with environmental conditions and water resources crisis based on Islamic legal principles. By amending existing laws and regulations, water can be used as a trust in the hands of the government in the public interest.

Securities market is one of the areas in which the people’s properties are hold in trust. In this market, investor’s securities or founds are deposited by a number of financial institutions like brokers. Investors pay money to the brokers to make securities transactions for them. It is illegal for a broker to misuse these funds or securities for their benefit or benefit of others and this act is called “abuse of confidence”. Article 50 of the Securities Market Act of 2005 has criminalized this act. Whereas the legislator has considered some specific circumstances for this crime in Actus Reus and Mens Rea that differ from the general crime of abuse of confidence, we will describe this offense and explain its elements.

In the set of laws and regulations regarding Iran's water resources, the legal relationship of individuals with these resources is referred to as the right of exploitation. This is based on jurisprudence and legal principles that recognize water as a common trust and in other words, a public trust, and negate any right to ownership for the user. However, due to the ambiguity in the legal nature of this exploitation right, we continue to witness the possessive behavior of the exploiters and the conflicting opinions of the administrative and legal authorities in this regard. Therefore, in this analytical and descriptive study, we examined the jurisprudential and legal foundations of the subject and then put forward the theories that have been established in the relevant laws based on the shared and trust nature of this public wealth. Then, referring to Article 29 of the Civil Law, which is in the position of expressing the various rights that individuals have in relation to property and in which the right to ownership, including the object and benefit, the right to usufruct and easement, the characteristics of the right of exploitation, we observed an affinity for usufruct rights in the Iranian right of water exploitation. Therefore, under this legal nature, we came to the conclusion that the water users are not entitled to any kind of proprietary policy, including the right to transfer and waste this right, and the government that has this public trust supervises water sources and uses by prescribing and adjusting exploitation licenses according to public interests and regardless of the proprietary behaviors.

The environment is a public trust that should be preserved for future generations and countries and individuals have the right to use it and according to the human rights documents the third generation have obligations regarding the right to a healthy environment that they are obliged to do. The most important question that this article seeks to answer is what are the obligations of countries about the right to the environment and what are the mechanisms for implementing these commitments in the Document of the Iranian Islamic Model of Progress? The purpose of this study is to investigate the obligations of countries in implementing the right to the environment with an emphasis on its implementation in this document. Also, in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is derived from Islamic law, article 50 of the Constitution also raises the protection of the environment and in paragraphs 26-28-29, the measures of the model document indirectly refer to the protection of the environment.

The present paper aims to compare the current status of Hamadan province public libraries with the Iranian Public Libraries Foundation's Outlook in 1404. This study has been carried out using a comparative method. A checklist was used to collect data based on statistics from the top countries, where the indicators of 'resources', 'space', 'membership', 'library material circulation' and 'staff' are concerned. Following this, the data were compared with the latest statistics relating to Hamadan province public libraries. The results showed that in terms of indicators of resources, space, membership, library material circulation and staff, Hamadan public libraries have a long way to go before they can achieve to the Iran public libraries Foundations Outlook. In order to achieve this honor, 5176927 books, 73 libraries, 429,764 members, 7,743,877 circulated library materials and 636 employees need to be added to Hamadan province public libraries. Originality/Value: A comparison between the public libraries of Hamadan province and the Iran public libraries Foundation's Outlook can provide a clear picture of the current status of these libraries. Therefore, the results of this study can be useful for managers, planners and policy makers of Iran public libraries foundations.

The purpose of this study is to identify the subject diversity of books available in the public library of National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI), also exploring the borrowing rate. Collection analysis and evaluating users. According to the results, over 50.35 percent of books are classified in Philosophy and Religion (B) and Language and Literature (P). The mean book borrow rate is 0.61 which is not quite a bit. 74.83 percent of books has never been borrowd and only 17.43 percent of active members have at least once borrowed a book. Borrowing is 1.34 per person among 51262 members. The availability of collection has been measured 96.11 percent. Ultimately, it revealed that there is a direct correlation between the number of books and the borrowing rate and an indirect correlation between the number of books and the mean borrowing rate. Also, there is a significant difference in the mean usage rate in different subject classes. The library collection is not consistent with member's interests. Therefore, some changes seem to be necessary in choosing the resources, management, evaluation, weeding and overally the collection development of the library.

In this research, we want to know whether elements such as interior design, coloration of input spaces, circulation, study hall and the reference section are satisfactory in the view of public library users of Yazd city (Iran) or not and to survey levels of satisfaction.
This is a survey research project that uses a researcher-made questionnaire. The research population includes 24371 users from the 26 public libraries in Yazd city (Iran). The sample size is calculated using the Krejcie & Morgan sample size table and a total of 384 questionnaires were filled by users.
Findings: Users viewpoints gathered based on four benchmarks (input spaces, circulation, study hall, and the reference section). Users satisfaction with circulation and the reference section was in high level while the study hall and the input space were not satisfactory. Besides, results showed that the majority of users prefer white to cream color for the main spaces, cream to brick red for the tables and brown for the chairs.
Originality/Value: We tried to show the satisfaction level of users with selected benchmarks and their color preferences about library sections and equipments.

The present research aims to study the notion of trust as a foundation of equality in the views of Nāʾīnī. In his portrait of a just government (or in his words, guardianship monarchy [salṭanat wilāyatiyya]), Nāʾīnī gives a central role to trust (amāna) in all affairs, and hence, he applies this jurisprudential principle, which was mostly applicable to private law, to the domain of public law. He deployed notions of private law in the domain of public law in order to prepare the minds of people at the time for embracing new concepts. Nāʾīnī believed that government was a trust, rulers were trustees, and people were trustors. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic, and our findings show that Nāʾīnī assigned an equal role and right to all members of the society (as trustors) in his view of government as trust. As a result, governments are required to observe such equality for the citizens in political and social affairs.

The right to be elected is one of the important examples of right to self-determination. Although this right is not absolute, its restriction must be justified. Unjustified insistence upon meritocracy and trusteeship of candidates, has resulted in violation of the right to be elected and the right to vote. From a socio-political point of view, such restrictions harm democratic aspect of any political system. In I.R. Iran, necessitation of qualification of being just, supposing official positions as religious trust and argument to the principle of incompetency and non-existence of legal qualifications have resulted in many challenges for free, fair and competitive election. Subjective and non-institutional assessment of the nominees by the Guardian Council has worsened the situation. The aim of this article is to evaluate the method of assessment of qualifications of nominees. The article suggests to rely upon those fiqhi theories that present a more tolerant view on the qualification of being just. Also due to the fact that people are the owners of public sphere, it is possible to presume official authorities as contractual trust rather than religious and legal trust. Similarly, there is way to rely upon the presumption of non-sinfulness instead of being just to reduce some restrictions on qualifications of nominees.