Today, despite the abundance of chemical drugs, the use of medicinal plants is increasing; Curcumin (curcumin) is a yellow pigment obtained from the turmeric plant and is considered the effective ingredient of turmeric. This crystalline and crystallized product is widely used in Indian medicine. Recently, the beneficial effects of curcumin on stomach, colon, and mouth cancers have been proven in mice. Curcumin usually plays its role through pharmacological processes such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, apoptotic, and hepatoprotective effects. Antioxidative, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic properties of curcumin have been noticed in recent years. However, the low solubility of curcumin and its severe degradation have made it impossible to introduce it in clinical use. In recent years, studies and reviews have been conducted to prepare and design polymeric micelles (PMMCs) on a nanoscale to improve the cellular transport of curcumin. Green tea flavonoids, including epicatechin, have recently received attention. In in vitro research, these compounds have been proposed as antioxidants by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, trapping free radicals, and chelating metal ions, and this property is mentioned due to their unique structure (therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect The synergism of curcumin and epicatechin has been carried out in the investigation of apoptosis and cell proliferation of HT29 cell lines and apoptotic factors.

This study is experimental. After obtaining HT29 cells from the Pasteur Institute cell bank and completing cell passage and proliferation, the cells were distributed in triplicate wells across 7 test groups and 2 control groups (positive and negative). In test groups 1, 2, and 3, three concentrations of curcumin nanomicelles (10, 20, 50 µg/ml) were incubated in triplicate. In groups 4, 5, and 6, three concentrations of epicatechin (10, 20, 50 µg/ml) were incubated for 24 hours. Test group 7 consisted of HT29 cells treated with the IC50 concentration of nanomicelle curcumin combined with the IC50 concentration of epicatechin. Group 8, the positive control, consisted of cells treated with 5FU (100 µg/ml), while group 9, the negative control, consisted of cells exposed only to the cell culture medium. After the 24-hour incubation period, an MTT assay was performed to assess cell proliferation, and Annexin flow cytometry was used to determine the level of apoptosis.

In this study, epicatechin and curcumin have been able to decrease cell viability of colon cancer cells (HT29) and increase the percent of apoptotic cells P<0.05, which was in a dose-dependent manner, also the combination of these two drugs caused a synergistic effect in high dose P<0.05. Epicatechin in concentrations of 20, 10 μg/mL, 50, and 100 has a significant difference compared to the negative control group with P<0.05, which has caused a decrease in cell viability in colon cancer cells with increasing dose. Curcumin is the group Nanomicelle with epicatechin at IC50 concentration compared to the positive control group of 5-FU in HT-29 cell line has greatly reduced cell viability of HT-29 cell line showed that curcumin and epicatechin nano micelles had a synergistic effect. The results of cell apoptosis have shown that curcumin and epicatechin nano micelle groups at IC50 concentrations had a synergistic effect.

epicatechin and curcumin have been able to increase the death rate of colon cancer cells (HT29) by increasing apoptosis, which indicates the anti-cancer effects of these compounds. So it can suggest these compounds in colon cancer therapeutics.

Catechin, epicatechin gallate (ECG) and quercetin, as bioactive flavonoids, have been shown to possess anticarcinogenic effects. Ceramide plays an important role in killing tumor cells. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to clarify the involvement of these compounds in ceramide metabolism in A549 cancerous cell line. Spectrophotometer, cell culture and HPLC methods were used. Cell viability index showed different potential of cytotoxicity effect for each of the studied agents, among which ECG was more potent. This index decreased significantly over 100 to 250 µM concentrations of treatment with respect to control. Cell treatments also caused considerable increase in ceramide level within cells in a dose-dependent manner. Sphingomyelinase activity increased significantly in treatment with quercetin and catechin. There was significant inhibition in acid ceramidase activity of cell extract in response to each of the three compounds, particularly over 100 µM in comparison with control. Data also showed no significant variation in glycosyl ceramide synthase activity in treated cells with quercetin, whereas the activity decreased significantly by Catechin and/or ECG. It is our conviction that different effects on ceramide metabolism enzymes may be related to various chemical groups on the common structure of the studied compounds. Due to structure-function relationship, these compounds had different effects on ceramide generation. Elevation in ceramide content in A549 cancer cell line induced apoptosis, which led to anti-cancerous effects, as observed in this study.

It is well established that valproic acid (VPA) is teratogenic associated with oxidative stress in humans and in all animal species tested. In this study, considering the chemical composition of catechins, we investigated its protective effect on the survival of PC12 nerve cells exposed to valproic acid.

The protective effects of epicatechin (EC) at different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 μg/ml) on survival and viability of PC12 neuronal cells exposed to valproic acid were measured by MTT assay and oxidative stress tests (GPx, SOD, ROS, and lipid peroxidation). All data were analyzed in GraphPad Prism 8.0 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test.

According to findings, EC reduced the cytotoxic effects of valproic acid at 500 and 1000 µg/ml (P<0.0001). EC significantly reduced the oxidative stress induced by valproic acid via decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production (P<0.001 and P<0.0001, respectively).

The present study showed that epicatechin could increase antioxidant potential and exhibits significant cytoprotective effect against valproic acid toxicity in PC12 cells.

Fish meat is as one the most important source of protein and high spoilage feature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effects of Thymus daenensis (TD) and Camellia sinensis (CS) hydro-alcoholic extracts on chemical and microbial properties of rainbow trout during frozen storage. In this experimental study, hydro-alcoholic extracts of TD and CS were extracted using maceration method and determined their compounds by HPLC. Extracts in 0.5% concentrations were studied separately and in combination for coating rainbow trout meat. The coated fish fillet was kept at -18 °C for 60 days and subjected to pH-testing, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), count of Listeria monocytogenes and sensory evaluation every 10 days. Major compounds in Thymus daenensis and Camellia sinensis extracts were thymol (39.4 mg/g), carvacrol (36.27 mg/g) and epigallocatechin gallate (105.88 mg/g), epicatechin gallate (41.2 mg/g), epigallocatechin (29.55 mg/g) and caffeine (29.45 mg/g), respectively. The results showed that during the storage period, all treatments reduced TVN, pH, TBA, count of L. monocytogenes compared to the control sample. Also, combination treatment (0.5% thyme and 0.5% green tea) significantly improved the chemical, microbial and sensory properties of fish fillet during storage.Therefore, green tea and thyme can be used as antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds in meat industry.

Catechins in dark chocolate can improve the reduction of muscle mass in the elderly due to the sarcopenia by the positive effect on muscle growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks resistance training and dark chocolate extract supplementation on the plasma levels of Myogenic Factor 5 (Myf5) and muscle strength in the older adults.
In this quasi-experimental study, 36 elderly adults (19 males, 17 females), were objectively selected and randomly divided into four groups: training (RT) (n=8), supplement (S) (n=10), training supplement (RT)(n=9), and control (C)(n=9). Subjects of RT and RT groups underwent a resistance training program. S and RT groups consumed capsules containing 500mg of dark chocolate extract –containing epicatechin- every day. Before and after eight weeks intervention, the plasma levels of Myf5 were measured by ELIZA method and the muscle strength was measured by 1-Repeatation Maximum (1RM) test. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests.
Myf5 values increased significantly in RT, S and RT groups compared to C group after the intervention (P≤0.05). Myf5 values were significantly higher in RT group compared to RT and S groups (P≤0.05). Moreover, chest press and leg press maximal strength increased in RT and RT groups in comparison with C group (P≤0.05).
8-weeks resistance training with the consumption of dark chocolate extract supplement have more efficient effects on the enhancement of plasma myf5 in the older adults compared to mere resistance training.

Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in young adults. Green tea Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) supplementation favorably influenced many of the processes mention in the secondary insult of brain injury, including neuroinflammation and anti-oxidative damages in animal studies. In current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of EGCG on outcomes of traumatic brain injury.
In a clinical trial, 30 patients with head trauma hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran were randomly divided into two groups. These groups included 15 patients who received a single daily oral dose of EGCG (400 mg) for 7 days and control group of 15 patients received placebo (distilled water) for the same period. Protein level S100 B and GCS were investigated between the two groups.
EGCG increased Glasgow coma score scale. However EGCG had no significant effect on the level of protein S100B.
EGCG may play a neuroprotective effect in trumatic brain insulats.

Exercise training and nutrition are non-pharmacological strategies which can reduce the sarcopenia-induced muscle atrophy in the older adults. Investigating the skeletal muscle mass atrophy is achievable by measuring the amount of plasma follistatin, as one of the key markers of determining lean body mass. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of dark chocolate extract supplementation with eight weeks resistance training on plasma Follistatin level in older adults.
in this semi-experimental study, 36 elderly adults (19 males, 17 females), mean age 67.21±4.19 years, randomly divided to four groups: training (EX), supplement (S), training supplement (EX), and control (C). Subjects of the training groups underwent a resistance training program including eight movements (intensity: 60-80% 1RM), three sessions per week for eight weeks. Subjects of supplements groups consumed capsules containing 500mg of dark chocolate extract –contain epicatechin- every day. Follistatin levels were measured before and after eight weeks intervention. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests with SPSS software (version 22).
Follistatin values increased significantly in EX (P=0.01), S (P=0.02) and EX (P=0.001) groups compared to C group after the intervention. The percentage of the changes of follistatin values were significantly higher in EX group (63.15%) compared to EX (43.48) and S (29.05%) groups. Moreover, chest press and leg press maximal strength increased in EX (P=0.03) and EX (P=0.01) groups in comparison with C group (P≤0.05).
Consequently, considering the increasing effect of resistance training and dark chocolate extract supplementation on Follistatin levels in the elderly, it seems that resistance training with dark chocolate extract supplementation is a suitable strategy to reduce the effects of sarcopenia in the older adults.

Tea has a variety of fermented, non-fermentable and white tea.Tea contains compounds such as polyphenols, proteins, amino acids and organic acids.In this study, differences in the composition of black, green and white tea were investigated.Total phenols, flavonoid, flavonol, tannin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, caffeine, theaflavin, thearubigin, theaborunin, vitamin C, vitamin E contents, free radical scavenging and IC50 levels were measured.White and green tea had higher total phenols and tannin than black tea.The amount of flavonoid and flavonol (38.4 and 29.35 mg/g DW), catechin and epigallocatechin (96.81 and 65.41 mg/g) in white tea were higher than the other two types of tea.Black tea had higher caffeine content (5.25mg/g) than the other two types of tea.Theaflavin, thearubigine and theaborunin were found only in black tea. This showed that the phenolic compounds of black tea change as a result of fermentation.Green tea had the highest (13.39 µg/g) vitamin C and (33.18 µg/g) vitamin E.White and green tea were able to free radical scavenging at 36.89% and 56.87%, respectively. The amount of bioactive compounds present in the three types of tea is different and is related to its processing steps. However, all three forms of tea have compounds that have high antioxidant properties.

Chemotherapy is one of the most effective and common treatments for cancer. Multi-drug resistance and drug side effects are one of the major obstacles to successful chemotherapy. To address these limitations and achieve better drug efficacy, nanosystem-based combination therapy offers a promising approach. This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and investigate the synergistic effect of nanoliposomes loaded with doxorubicin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. In the present study, nanoliposomes were prepared by passive loading and thin-film hydration. The characterization of nanoliposomes such as size distribution, zeta potential, the loading rate, drug release profile, and toxicity were measured. The mean diameter of nanoliposomes was 82.5 nm, their surface charge was -24.2 mV and drug loading was about 80%. The interaction of doxorubicin and EGCG with nanoliposomes was mediated by electrostatic and van der Waals bonds and EGCG has a deceasing effect on the doxorubicin release profile but the observed differences are not significant. The toxicity and viability data indicate that the simultaneous use of these two drugs increased the toxicity of the cells. Nanoliposomes containing doxorubicin were not able to reduce viability to below 50% in monotherapy with 5×10-3 μM. While, the amount of viability dramatically reduced to below 50%, in combination with EGCG, resulting as combination chemotherapy. Consequently, the concomitant administration of EGCG with doxorubicin may be a suitable candidate for chemotherapy.

Grapes are one of the important sources of polyphenols in the diet. The aim of this study was to investigate the quantitative and qualitative changes of phenolic compounds in grapes cv. Shahani during growth stages. At five stages, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after flowering and fruit ripening, the characteristics of berries as well as some phenolic compounds were measured. The results showed that with phase, berry size, berry weight, soluble solids content, pH and total anthocyanins increased and acidity decreased. At the time of fruit ripening, a slight decrease was observed in berry size compared to the time before. With passing time to 50 days after flowering, total phenol content increased in berries, and then decreased at 60 days after flowering and reached its peak again at the time of ripening. The amount of flavonoids in berries decreased with passing time and the highest amount was obtained in 30 days after flowering and the lowest amount was obtained at ripening time. Over time, antioxidant capacity increased and then decreased during the 50 days after flowering, reaching its lowest level at ripening. Also, during the time, the amount of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and epichatechin increased in grape berries, and peaked at the ripening stage. The amount of caffeic acid and fluoresin increased initially and decreased in 50 days after flowering, and then increased to its highest level at ripening. The amount of phenolic compound of rosmarinic acid did not show any significant differences in different stages.