In Iran, the development of cultivated areas becomes gradually impossible due to ever-increasing population growth and urban area development. Therefore, it is very important to use the existing cultivated lands more efficiently. Land suitability evaluation makes the sustainable use of the lands feasible. The objective of this study was qualitative, quantitative and economic assessment of land suitability in Talandahst area for rainfed wheat, barley and chickpea. Talandasht plain with a surface area of 4500 ha is located southwest of Kermanshah city. The climate is semi-arid with cold winter and moderate summer. The successive stages of this research included soil survey in the field, soil analysis, qualitative and quantitative and economic evaluations of land suitability. In qualitative evaluation of land, climatic, topographic and soil suitability classes were determined according to the degree of the matching. Limitation and parametric methods were used in qualitative evaluation. Quantitative and economic evaluations made based on the observed yield and gross benefit, respectively. Based on qualitative evaluation, the studied area is marginally suitable for rainfed farming of wheat, barley and chickpea. This is due to water deficiency occurring during some stages of the growing cycle. The solution for this problem is supplementary irrigation. In addition to climate limitation, there are also topographic and soil restriction for the growth of the studied crops. On the basis of observed yield, the land units are moderately to highly suitable for rainfed wheat and barley production. Among the three named crops, the most and least profitable ones are chickpea and barley, respectively, and wheat ranks between them.

Today, with respect to the role and importance of urban green space in urban life and its physical stability and effectiveness of urban systems and benefits in different ecological, social and economic, it is undeniable to use green space per capita in urban areas as one of the basic issues in planning and urban management. Urban green space, including land use and distribution that it is important in the Mashhad city, including the cities of the status of green space, is not appropriate; so that based on the findings, the average green space per capita in Mashhad is 5.51, m , while the standard MHUD is 12 square meters per capita . Therefore, it has suggested, there seems to exist a huge gap. However, its spatial distribution is very unbalanced and disproportionate. Green space areas such as Samen with 1.2, square meters and 21 square meters has per capita area of only seven. The method of this study was descriptive-analytic and theoretical-practical. The nature shows that, contrary to national and international standards for green space, the green space in the city is very low and its spatial distribution in twelve areas in Mashhad, is also facing a severe failure and is not balanced in this regard. In this study for analysis to determine the optimum location of green space model layers required Logic Fuzzy, AHP and means nearest neighbor were used for the operation of the software of ARC / GIS and Expert choice. Five spectra of very good, good, fair, poor and very poor were recognized. Then the act of prioritizing was rendered.

The economic policies of Iran in the early nineteenth century led to the expansion of foreign trade. After that border customs became one of the important sources of income for the country. It seems that by the prosperity of border customs, Kermanshah was also developed due to being on the trade route leading to the Ottoman. The question of the present study is what was the influence of the border customs on the economic situation of Kermanshah from the Safavid period to the end of the Qajar period? This research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach based on documentary and library sources, especially travelogues, memoirs, and documents. The findings of the research indicate that the border customs did not have much effect on improving the economic situation of Kermanshah during the research period. Kermanshah was involved in the war due to its proximity to the Ottomans during the Safavid period which resulted in an unfavorable economic situation. The economy of Kermanshah grew during the reign of Karim Khan Zand and the rule of Allahqoli Khan Zanganeh. However, Kermanshah customs during the Qajar period did not have much effect on the economic situation prosperity of that region due to the First World War, the famine and the diseases it brought.

Kermanshah owes its reconstruction after the complete destruction by the Mongols to the Zanganih family, especially Shaykh ʿAlī Khān Zanganih, the governor of the city, who later rose to the position of the Prime Minister of Safavids. However, the modern identity and social, religious, and urban structures of the city are indebted to the rule of Dawlatshāh and his descendants during the Qājār era. Dawlatshāh’s actions were not limited to architecture and construction, but also included the influential presence of the clergy, cultural transformations, the presence of merchants, the presence of Persian poets from other Iranian cities, and the alignment of the people of Kermanshah with the central government in comparison to the situation in other Kurdish regions. Dawlatshāh’s death and Muḥammad Shāh’s animosity towards his descendants brought about another fall into a period of decline and inactivity for Kermanshah, until Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh rose to power. During this time, the city flourished again due to the efforts of ʿImād al-Dawlah, one of Dawlatshāh’s sons.  In this context, the following questions arise: What were the cultural and economic measures taken by the two rulers in Kermanshah? and how do the conditions of Kermanshah compare during the reign of each ruler? The present study aims to explore these questions using the analytical-descriptive approach and historical data.

The present paper examines the ecological footprint of Kermanshah as the 9th largest city of Iran. It also tries to answer the following question: Dose the ecological environment of Kermanshah Support the basic needs of it's population? And are the Biological systems of Kermanshah able to answer all socio- economic questions related to different activities of residents. This study is completed based on a descriptive method in which the whole urban households of Kermanshah city are considered as the statistical sample. The statistics related to their consumption of Dvtryq authorities and researcher questionnaire consists of 14 items have been collected. The sample size of the present study was 322 households which were selected by cluster random method. The findings of this study show that the ecological footprint in Kermanshah city indifferent consumption groups of food, transportation, natural gas heating, drinking water, electricity and required land for waste disposal is 1.82 hectares. Although the mentioned list is not a complete inventory of city expenditures, But the comparison of these items with the occupied spaces by the city and even with the supporting spaces such as county and province. Indicates that to fulfill its biological needs and sustainability, the city depend on a geographic realm beyond the Kermanshah Province. A glance to the consumed item in Kermanshah city Confirms that the share of food with 1.22 hectares is the largest share among all other consumed item, other items used in this study has been calculated less than their share of food. The lowest rate belong to required land for garbage with approximately 0.000006 hectares or 0.06 m2.Since Iran's biological capacity is 0.8 hectares, 1.82- hectare ecological footprint in Kermanshah it means that the average bearable biological capacity of Kermanshah city is 2.275 times more than the average country. in other words, can be expressed With current consumption trends continue, Kermanshah city for food Energy and land needed to absorb carbon dioxide. the space is about 180 times the area of your current needs.

Analysis of performance relationships of small towns Rural hinterland(Case Study: Central district of Harsin, Kermanshah) The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the performance relationships of Harsin city in the development of its peripheral rural regions based on the economical, commercial, social-cultural and service indicators. The research method was descriptive - analytical with practical aim. For collecting data, library studies and field survey were used. The study population consisted of 10 families in 54 villages in the central part of the city Harsin Of the 14 villages selected by Cochran formula 229 households have been selected to complete the questionnaire. The research tool was questionnaire designed by the authors, so that its validity was confirmed by some professors' opinions and so was its stability by Cronbach's alpha test at 0.897 level. The results of this research showed that economic relations with 0.473%, commercial relations with 0.439%, social-cultural relations with 0.429% and service relations with 0.341% played the most important role in the relations of villagers with Harsin city, respectively, an issue that was confirmed by Wilcoxon test and multivariate regression. It must be mentioned that,. In conclusion, it can be said that Harsin city performance, except for health services, was positive in other aspects including economical-commercial and social – cultural.108 items with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 indicates the reliability of the questionnaire is relatively favorable. Wilcoxon test results show that significant differences between rural and functional relationship with the city of Kermanshah Harsin and there so that the relationship between economic, social and cultural exchange villagers respectively 2.35, 2.49 and 2.39 most of Kermanshah to respectively 1.63, 1.84 and 1.51 are. After service in the city of Kermanshah rural relations with 1.90 to 1.87 is more than Harsin city. In general, functional relationships with the villagers in rural relations with the city of Kermanshah Harsin from 2.63 to 1.86 is extensive. In fact, rural and small town Harsin Bh Jz health services in all fields of study have broader ties to the city of Kermanshah.

Among all kinds of identities, national (societal) identity has achieved a vast amount of attention. A few factors can explain this identity. Main question of the research is that how is the impact of social capital on national identity? This research has a comparative approach that its aim is investigating the relations among bonding and bridging social capital, national identity in Kermanshah and Javanroud cities with same ethnicity and different religion. The research uses survey methods. Research census is people between ages 18 and 29 in Kermanshah and Javanroud cities in Kermanshah province. 250 and 150 questionnaires were distributed in Kermanshah and Javanroud respectively. The research results that the mean of bridging social capital in Kermanshah (48.65) is more than Javanroud (32.28) and in contrast, mean of bonding social capital in Javanroud (49.67) is more than Kermanshah (31.36) and these differences are affected by religion and ethnicity.

Kermanshah was one of the most densely populated areas of royal property in the period of Qajar and First Pahlavi. The main issue of this paper is the clarify of why and how of the form of the royal ownership and the consequences of this type of ownership, on the farming of the Kermanshah region during the first Pahlavi period. The main purpose of the paper is to explain the causes and factors of the emergence and appearance of the royal estate in Kermanshah, during the first Pahlavi period. The present research approach is qualitative. The data were collected from library and library resources based on purposeful sampling and they were analyzed using grounded theory. The findings of the research showed that the main causes and factors were as the following: "Ancient Perspective of Ideology," "The collapse of the Islamic system", "Forces", "Modern system of modernity" and "Basic principles of agriculture", in the formation of the phenomenon of royal property in Kermanshah. The main results and implications of the phenomenon of royal estates in Kermanshah include: changing the pattern of agricultural and commercial development, establishing agricultural schools and specialized knowledge of land exploitation, establishing Shahabad sugar mill (Islamabad), Damming, developing irrigation network and agricultural mechanization

The aim of this study was to investigate the national and ethnic identity according to the component of political convergence in the cities of Kermanshah, Sarpol-e Zahab, Sahneh and Paveh. Therefore, the main question of the research is whether there is a difference between political convergence and ethnic and national identity of the youth of Kermanshah, Sarpol-e Zahab, Paveh and Sahneh cities?The research was conducted using a quantitative method and a survey method. The statistical population of young people aged 15-29 in Kermanshah is Sarpol-e Zahab, Paveh and Sahneh. According to the Cochran Kermanshah formula, 383 people, Sarpol-e Zahab 378 people, Paveh 374 people and Sahneh 375 people were selected as the sample.. Samples were selected through cluster sampling. Validity and validity of the study were based on face validity and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. The results of this study show that the convergence of national identity and ethnic identity with respect to the component of political convergence between the youth of Kermanshah, Sarpol-e Zahab, Paveh and Sahneh are not significantly different from each other.