Divorce is a social phenomenon that is intertwined with various elements of society, both micro and macro, and is interrelated with various areas of individual, family, institutional and structural. Accordingly, individuals experience different types of events in the divorce process, and due to the legal and judicial nature of divorce, one of the most important types is "legal experience", which refers to a type of experience of individuals during conflict and communication. It has a legal basis. This study is based on a semi-structured interview with divorced women (15 samples from Qom) and with a content analysis technique, richly describes these experiences to answer the question "How well do women view the legal process of divorce in Iran?" "And based on role-playing, which actors do they experience?" According to the findings, women's legal experiences in the divorce process take place at three levels: individual, institutional and legal. Among these, the individual level, especially the group of judges, is the most important category. As for the Iranian legal system regarding the issue of divorce, it must be acknowledged that individuals, especially judges and lawyers, play a role beyond anything else, including women's agency, related institutions and laws. Also, the dominant semantic unit in women's narrative of their experiences is related to the relationship that these experiences have with their "being a woman" and therefore the predominance of gender in various ways in dealing with individuals (especially judges), institutions (especially the judiciary) And laws have emerged.

Parenting after divorce is one of the most sensitive tasks for divorced parents and is one of the effective factors in children's mental health. The purpose of this study is to explore and explain parents' lived experiences of co-parenting after divorce. This study was performed qualitatively using Descriptive phenomenology method. The study population included all parents who had parenting experience after divorce. In this study, data saturation criterion was used to determine the sample size. Using purposive sampling, 12 people (female, male) were selected and interviewed semi-structured. Data were analyzed by Colaizzi seven-step method. The results of the analysis led to the identification of five main themes: The relationship between parents, accountability, </strong>supervision, parental challenges and Social-psychological harms in parenting. Parents focused on eliminating the other co-parent as a parental figure – just as their role as a spouse was eliminated after divorce – rather than concentrating on the task of parenting.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion-focused therapy on the emotional experiences of male adolescents resulting from parental divorce. The research method was quasi-experimental and included a pre-test, a post-test, a follow-up test, and a control group. In 2020-2021, the statistical population of the present survey comprised all male adolescents aged 15 to 18 who had experienced parental divorce in Bandar Abbas. The cohort consisted of 47 male adolescents who were chosen through a process of purposive sampling. Data was collected using the Emotional Experiences of Parental Divorce Scale (EEPD). SPSS-23 was used to conduct an analysis of variance with repeated measures on the data. Emotion-focused therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy significantly decreased simple painful emotions, complex painful emotions, and emotional needs in comparison to the control group (p˂0.01) and significantly increased adolescents’ emotional development (p˂0.01). Comparison of emotion-focused therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy revealed that emotion-focused therapy was more effective in reducing simple painful emotions (p˂0.02), complex painful emotions (p˂0.04), and increasing emotional development (p˂0.02) in the post-test stage; however, no significant differences were found in the follow-up stage. In general, therapists and counselors can utilize both approaches to reduce agonizing emotions and promote the emotional development of adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of professional competencies of divorce counselors in crisis intervention centers in Semnan province. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and with a data-based method (grounded theory) based on interviews with divorce counseling specialists and applicants for consensual divorce following an understanding of their lived experience. For this purpose, by purposeful sampling method, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 6 experts in the field of divorce counseling and 8 couples seeking divorce after participating in divorce counseling sessions. After coding and analyzing the data of expert interviews, 8 main themes and 52 sub-themes were identified. Themes include general competencies, appearance, communication, professional ethics, personality, competencies related to guidance techniques, motivational interventions, and specialized competencies in marital counseling and divorce. From the interviews with divorce applicants, 6 main themes (41 sub-themes) were extracted, such as physical, communication, moral, personality competencies, competencies related to guidance techniques, and specialized competencies in marital and divorce counseling. Finally, the model of professional competence of divorce counselors was developed with the axes of pre-counseling necessities, skills training, couple counseling skills, continuity of on-the-job training experiences and continuous evaluation of professional competence. According to the research findings and considering that recently the judiciary is recruiting and granting employment licenses to divorce counselors to refer divorce cases to them, it is suggested to use this model in order to attract and train specialized staff.