Climate change adaptation strategies, especially understanding agriculture, are strategies to mitigate climate change impacts. These strategies are addressed in three concepts: climate change adaptation strategies and problems. Iran needs climate change adaptation strategies with dry climates, successive droughts, and rising temperatures. Two indicators of climate change adaptation Adaptation strategy index (ASI) and Problem Confrontation Index (PCI) were used to analyze climate change adaptation strategies in Fars province agriculture. The findings showed that more than 90% of respondents understand and seek adaptation to climate change and its effects. They have chosen irrigation and technology modernization strategies, drought-resistant varieties (rapeseed, medicinal plants), shifting cultivation time, greenhouse cultivation, and variety of crop varieties and activities as adaptive strategies to climate change. Weak finances, high price fluctuations, low productivity, technical skill, and the complicated rules of the bureaucracy in financing were the most important problems in the implementation and success of strategies. Therefore, it is possible to achieve more successful climate change strategies by establishing a financial support system (such as Grameen Bank of Bangladesh), training and enhancing users' technical knowledge and sustaining revenue sources.

Climate change (CC) is an avoidable phenomenon, which is occurring in vast parts of the world, including Iran. Agriculture and crop production are among the sectors, which are affecting from CC. Although food production activities, especially animal protein production, which have high footprints of water, have been some causes, among other important and main causes of CC occurrence. The CC moreover to increasing air temperature and hence crop water requirements, cause crop yield reduction and crop production deficiency. Therefore, considering water shortage crisis in Iran country, and in order to fulfill food security objectives of the growing population, it is necessary to coincide with the CC impacts in agriculture and to take adaptation measures and approaches in these regards. However, there are two main strategies for coinciding with CC: 1. Mitigation of CC and 2. Adaptation to CC. The mitigation strategy deals with reducing greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions, while the adaptation strategy deals with amelioration of unavoidable impacts of CC. It includes a wide range of measures, approaches, and action selected for a vulnerable system. In this paper following an in-depth review of international and national references and policies in the field of agricultural water and food security, visions and strategies of facing with CC from the mentioned aspects are elaborated. Based on results, the following strategies and measures of adapting to CC from the agricultural water management and food security aspects could be categorized as followings: 1-Reducing water consumption during irrigation, 2-  Water conservation and reducing evaporation losses from soil surface, 3-Inceasing crop yield (increasing the numerator of water productivity index-WP), 4- Reducing the economic risk through diversity in revenue, crop insurance, subsidies and other incentives, and 5-Eetablishing early warning systems and providing training and other capacity building on the subject of adaptation to CC. However, from the strategy aspects and based on the benefit to cost ratio, in short-term the managerial measures and approaches of adaptation to CC are more efficient and less costly than the other measures, i.e. infrastructural and even agronomic measures and approaches.

An important effect of climate change is the change in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters such as droughts, floods, hurricanes,. . . , Due to the creation of risk and uncertainty, in insurance industry, they have an abundance. To this end, identifying the various dimensions of climate change risk and assessing it can reduce future losses by focusing and planning to address the direct and indirect effects of climate change. Therefore, conducting research related to climate change is essential to be more prepared to adapt to this phenomenon and to reduce the burden of costs due to these changes for the insurance industry. In this regard, in this study, while explaining the effects of climate change on the severity and frequency of weather events, the channels affecting climate change on health, life and non-life insurance are presented. Also, the challenges of climate change for insurers are expressed and final solutions and suggestions for the insurance industry are provided.

The application of optimization methods and tools for multi-objective utilization, in operation of a reservoir in the wake of climate change conditions is an inevitable issue. In this study, Multi-Objective Genetic Programming (MO-GP) is employed to extract multi-objective optimal operating rules from Aidoghmoush reservoir (East Azerbaijan) in climate change conditions. These rules are derived with two objectives of minimization of the vulnerability and maximization of the reliability in the baseline (interval 1987-2000) and climate change (interval 2026-2039) conditions. The results show that the range of changes of the vulnerability index in the baseline vs climate change conditions are from 16 to 41% and from 11 to 35% and the range of changes of the reliability index in the baseline vs climate change conditions are from 46 to 78% and 30 to 77%. In order to do more investigations, the two alternatives (development of rules in the baseline operating interval as based upon the baseline conditions; and rules developed within climate change operating intervals as based upon climate change conditions) are considered. In order to investigate the performance of the reservoir in supplying of the demand, the objective function values for a Pareto point (reliability of 75%) in the two alternatives under consideration are compared. The results show that the second alternative is of a more appropriate performance, relative to the first one.

According to the Global Risks Report, climate change was the fifth global risk in 2018 in terms of probability of occurrence. According to the same report, this phenomenon ranked second among other risks in terms of its effects on the world and the environment. It emphasizes the importance of investigating the effects of climate change. In this research, the economic analysis of the effects of climate change on the income of wheat farmers in the country during (2052-2022) has been done. DSSAT simulation program has been used to simulate the yield of irrigated wheat and economic analysis under climate change scenarios. The meteorological data required under different scenarios are taken from MarkSim software. The results show that the income of irrigated wheat farmers will decrease under climate change scenarios. Also, in some regions of Iran, irrigated wheat planting is dominant in conditions without climate change and under climate change scenarios, and it seems that these areas can be considered as favorable areas for creating irrigated wheat cultivation ports.

An ecosystem is considered to be one of the cornerstones of human life, with its evolution and development in the world. The phenomenon of climate change, which is mainly related to the increase of air pollutants in the atmosphere, is one of the most prominent examples in this regard. Climate change is any change in the climate component such as temperature, precipitation and wind that occurs over many decades. The use of energy carriers is a major contributor to the emission of air pollutants and thus affects climate change. Climate change also has costs for different sectors of the economy, which increase energy consumption from its examples. Since Iran has been exposed to severe climate change in recent years and energy consumption in its various economic sectors has risen and is one of the most important countries in the field of air pollutants emission, in this study, Investigating causality The interactions between climate change and energy consumption in different economic sectors are addressed. For this purpose, temperature and precipitation data and energy consumption of 28 provinces have been used for the period 1370 to 1395. To investigate the two-way causality between climate change and energy consumption, the Toda-Yamamoto causality method, which is an adjusted Var, is used. The estimated results showed that during the studied period, there is no causal relationship between climate change and energy consumption in the main sectors of Iran's economy, and there is only one-way uncertainty about temperature on energy consumption in the agricultural sector and energy consumption in the domestic and commercial sectors, And also for provinces with higher than average temperatures there is a stronger and more bilateral causality between energy consumption and climate change variables (temperature and precipitation), and on the other hand, increasing energy consumption increases the amount of 〖co〗_2(carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere

Strategies to enhance local adaptation capacity are needed to mitigate climate change impacts and to maintain regional stability of food production. The objectives of this study were to simulate the climate change effects on phenology stages, Leaf Area Index (LAI), biomass and grain yield of maize in the future and to explore the possibilities of employing planting dates as mitigating options to decrease the climate change impacts on maize production in Khorasan Razavi province. For this purpose, we employed two types of General Circulation Models ((United Kingdom Met. Office Hadley Center: HadCM3) and (Institute Pierre Simon Laplace: IPCM4)) and three scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1) for three time period as 2020, 2050 and 2080. LARS-WG was used to produce daily climatic parameters as one stochastic growing season for each projection period and CERES-Maize model was used to simulate maize growth. The results of model evaluation showed that LARS-WG had appropriate prediction for climatic parameters and simulation of stochastic growing season in future climate change conditions. Time period from cultivation until anthesis and maturity were reduced in majority of scenarios as affected by climate change. The results indicated that the grain yield of maize may be reduced 11% to 38% as affected by climate change based on common planting date in baseline. In general, earlier planting date (1 May) caused higher yield compared with other planting dates (10 and 20 May). It seems that management of planting dates can be regarded as appropriate approach to reduce adverse effects of climate change on grain yield of maize.

DOR: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.21595852.2021.11.1.1.3/
In recent decades, climate change and frequent droughts have had great impacts on farming systems and have led farmers to become accustomed to these conditions, which are causing problems, especially, for smallholder farmers. With the severe weather events and their adverse effects, especially in arid regions, farmers' adaptation to these changes is indisputable and critical strategy. Thus, farmers need to make complex decisions about mitigating the adverse effects of climate change to take advantage of newer opportunities as possible. The understanding of the process by which farmers decide to stand facing climate changes and probing into the determinants of the process provide research evidence for policy makers to assist farmers to adapt to climate change effects. This article would establish a conceptual framework, inclusive of factors influencing farmers’ decision-making to adapt to climate change, and would clarify causal relations among these factors. According to the results, household characteristics, economic factors, knowledge, motives and goals, perceived outcomes of adaptation, social, personal norms, perception of climate change, perceived risk and obstacles, attitude towards climate change, prospective perception of climate change, the evaluation of climate change, and adaptation initiatives could influence farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change.

Previous researches show that the situation of underground water tables in Iran is dire. Therefore, it is necessary to make changes in the current management of water resources. Also, in the discussions related to the application of water resource management options, the effect of climate change and its related uncertainty have either not been considered or have been rarely considered. The aim of this research was to management of underground water resources of Qom-Kahak aquifer under different options. First, the groundwater flow of the study area was simulated and calibrated using GMS software. Then, 10 management options were applied to the model considering the effects of climate change and without considering these effects, and the aquifer balance status was investigated under the effect of these management options. In order to obtain a suitable solution to balance the water of aquifers, the implementation of this research can be of great help to water resource managers and planners.

In this study, using GCM and GMS models, climatic variables and Qom-Kahak aquifer were simulated and calibrated in a 16-year observation period (2001-2007). Ten different management options, (1) 15% increase in withdrawal without climate change, (2) 15% increase in harvest withdrawal in terms of climate change (HadCM3-A2), (3) 15% increase in withdrawal in terms of climate change (Hybrid-A2), (4) 15% increase in withdrawal in terms of climate change (HadCM3-B2), (5) 15% increase in withdrawal in terms of climate change (Hybrid-B2), (6) 15% decrease in withdrawal in terms of climate change, (7) 15% decrease in withdrawal in terms of climate change (HadCM3-A2), (8) 15% reduction in withdrawal in terms of climate change (Hybrid-A2), (9) 15% decrease in withdrawal in terms of climate change (HadCM3-B2), (10) 15% reduction in withdrawal in terms of climate change (Hybrid-B2), was defined and the effects of their application on groundwater level were analyzed.

The results obtained from the application of the management options of 15% increase in harvesting due to the effects of climate change by the developed Hybrid model and the HadCM3 model showed that the reduction of the underground water level under the A2 scenario is more than the reduction of the level obtained under the B2 scenario. Also, by applying the management options of 15% reduction in harvesting due to the effects of climate change, it was determined that the increase in the aquifer level under the A2 scenario is less than the increase in the level under the B2 scenario. This issue is due to the lower predicted rainfall of these models under the A2 emission scenario. Finally, after examining the results of applying the management option without the effects of climate change and assuming the continuation of the current rainfall trend, it was found that with a 15% reduction in harvesting, the increase in water level is more than other options, and by increasing this amount of harvesting, the reduction in water level is less than that of other options. As a result, it can be concluded that among the management options presented in this research, the options of increasing and decreasing the harvest by 15% without considering the effects of climate change are the best management options and the results indicate a positive reaction of the aquifer to this management option, and in contrast to the management option of increasing and harvest reduction in terms of climate change effects by the developed Hybrid model and the HadCM3 model under the A2 scenario are the worst options.

Using the results of these management options, researchers and users of the Qom-Kahak aquifer can understand the effects of reducing and increasing harvesting and take the necessary solutions and decisions to prevent possible losses. According to the obtained results, applying the option of reducing the harvest by only 15% can be considered as a suitable management solution to improve the situation of the Qom-Kahak aquifer. There are solutions to reduce harvesting in the area, which can be mentioned saving and optimal water consumption in the agricultural sector, preventing the harvesting of unauthorized wells and preventing the digging of new wells, artificial recharge of the aquifer through the drilling of injection wells, continuous monitoring of water consumption, making managers and operators aware of the value of underground water resources, using the results of research conducted in the field of water resources management and cultural works such as making people aware of the value of water through national media, including materials in the field of students' awareness to prevent water wastage, preventing water contamination, etc.In this research, in order to manage the Qom-Kahak aquifer, the underground water flow was first simulated and calibrated using the GMS model during the observation period (2001-2017). Then, with the aim of improving the condition of the aquifer, different management options of crop change without the effect of climate change and considering these effects were evaluated. The results of applying these management options showed the high importance of harvesting on the water level situation in the future periods. Because after applying the management option of 15% reduction in harvest due to climate change and decrease in rainfall, the underground water level in all observation wells increased.