Climate change adaptation strategies, especially understanding agriculture, are strategies to mitigate climate change impacts. These strategies are addressed in three concepts: climate change adaptation strategies and problems. Iran needs climate change adaptation strategies with dry climates, successive droughts, and rising temperatures. Two indicators of climate change adaptation Adaptation strategy index (ASI) and Problem Confrontation Index (PCI) were used to analyze climate change adaptation strategies in Fars province agriculture. The findings showed that more than 90% of respondents understand and seek adaptation to climate change and its effects. They have chosen irrigation and technology modernization strategies, drought-resistant varieties (rapeseed, medicinal plants), shifting cultivation time, greenhouse cultivation, and variety of crop varieties and activities as adaptive strategies to climate change. Weak finances, high price fluctuations, low productivity, technical skill, and the complicated rules of the bureaucracy in financing were the most important problems in the implementation and success of strategies. Therefore, it is possible to achieve more successful climate change strategies by establishing a financial support system (such as Grameen Bank of Bangladesh), training and enhancing users' technical knowledge and sustaining revenue sources.

Climate change (CC) is an avoidable phenomenon, which is occurring in vast parts of the world, including Iran. Agriculture and crop production are among the sectors, which are affecting from CC. Although food production activities, especially animal protein production, which have high footprints of water, have been some causes, among other important and main causes of CC occurrence. The CC moreover to increasing air temperature and hence crop water requirements, cause crop yield reduction and crop production deficiency. Therefore, considering water shortage crisis in Iran country, and in order to fulfill food security objectives of the growing population, it is necessary to coincide with the CC impacts in agriculture and to take adaptation measures and approaches in these regards. However, there are two main strategies for coinciding with CC: 1. Mitigation of CC and 2. Adaptation to CC. The mitigation strategy deals with reducing greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions, while the adaptation strategy deals with amelioration of unavoidable impacts of CC. It includes a wide range of measures, approaches, and action selected for a vulnerable system. In this paper following an in-depth review of international and national references and policies in the field of agricultural water and food security, visions and strategies of facing with CC from the mentioned aspects are elaborated. Based on results, the following strategies and measures of adapting to CC from the agricultural water management and food security aspects could be categorized as followings: 1-Reducing water consumption during irrigation, 2-  Water conservation and reducing evaporation losses from soil surface, 3-Inceasing crop yield (increasing the numerator of water productivity index-WP), 4- Reducing the economic risk through diversity in revenue, crop insurance, subsidies and other incentives, and 5-Eetablishing early warning systems and providing training and other capacity building on the subject of adaptation to CC. However, from the strategy aspects and based on the benefit to cost ratio, in short-term the managerial measures and approaches of adaptation to CC are more efficient and less costly than the other measures, i.e. infrastructural and even agronomic measures and approaches.

An important effect of climate change is the change in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters such as droughts, floods, hurricanes,. . . , Due to the creation of risk and uncertainty, in insurance industry, they have an abundance. To this end, identifying the various dimensions of climate change risk and assessing it can reduce future losses by focusing and planning to address the direct and indirect effects of climate change. Therefore, conducting research related to climate change is essential to be more prepared to adapt to this phenomenon and to reduce the burden of costs due to these changes for the insurance industry. In this regard, in this study, while explaining the effects of climate change on the severity and frequency of weather events, the channels affecting climate change on health, life and non-life insurance are presented. Also, the challenges of climate change for insurers are expressed and final solutions and suggestions for the insurance industry are provided.

The application of optimization methods and tools for multi-objective utilization, in operation of a reservoir in the wake of climate change conditions is an inevitable issue. In this study, Multi-Objective Genetic Programming (MO-GP) is employed to extract multi-objective optimal operating rules from Aidoghmoush reservoir (East Azerbaijan) in climate change conditions. These rules are derived with two objectives of minimization of the vulnerability and maximization of the reliability in the baseline (interval 1987-2000) and climate change (interval 2026-2039) conditions. The results show that the range of changes of the vulnerability index in the baseline vs climate change conditions are from 16 to 41% and from 11 to 35% and the range of changes of the reliability index in the baseline vs climate change conditions are from 46 to 78% and 30 to 77%. In order to do more investigations, the two alternatives (development of rules in the baseline operating interval as based upon the baseline conditions; and rules developed within climate change operating intervals as based upon climate change conditions) are considered. In order to investigate the performance of the reservoir in supplying of the demand, the objective function values for a Pareto point (reliability of 75%) in the two alternatives under consideration are compared. The results show that the second alternative is of a more appropriate performance, relative to the first one.

According to the Global Risks Report, climate change was the fifth global risk in 2018 in terms of probability of occurrence. According to the same report, this phenomenon ranked second among other risks in terms of its effects on the world and the environment. It emphasizes the importance of investigating the effects of climate change. In this research, the economic analysis of the effects of climate change on the income of wheat farmers in the country during (2052-2022) has been done. DSSAT simulation program has been used to simulate the yield of irrigated wheat and economic analysis under climate change scenarios. The meteorological data required under different scenarios are taken from MarkSim software. The results show that the income of irrigated wheat farmers will decrease under climate change scenarios. Also, in some regions of Iran, irrigated wheat planting is dominant in conditions without climate change and under climate change scenarios, and it seems that these areas can be considered as favorable areas for creating irrigated wheat cultivation ports.

An ecosystem is considered to be one of the cornerstones of human life, with its evolution and development in the world. The phenomenon of climate change, which is mainly related to the increase of air pollutants in the atmosphere, is one of the most prominent examples in this regard. Climate change is any change in the climate component such as temperature, precipitation and wind that occurs over many decades. The use of energy carriers is a major contributor to the emission of air pollutants and thus affects climate change. Climate change also has costs for different sectors of the economy, which increase energy consumption from its examples. Since Iran has been exposed to severe climate change in recent years and energy consumption in its various economic sectors has risen and is one of the most important countries in the field of air pollutants emission, in this study, Investigating causality The interactions between climate change and energy consumption in different economic sectors are addressed. For this purpose, temperature and precipitation data and energy consumption of 28 provinces have been used for the period 1370 to 1395. To investigate the two-way causality between climate change and energy consumption, the Toda-Yamamoto causality method, which is an adjusted Var, is used. The estimated results showed that during the studied period, there is no causal relationship between climate change and energy consumption in the main sectors of Iran's economy, and there is only one-way uncertainty about temperature on energy consumption in the agricultural sector and energy consumption in the domestic and commercial sectors, And also for provinces with higher than average temperatures there is a stronger and more bilateral causality between energy consumption and climate change variables (temperature and precipitation), and on the other hand, increasing energy consumption increases the amount of 〖co〗_2(carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere

Strategies to enhance local adaptation capacity are needed to mitigate climate change impacts and to maintain regional stability of food production. The objectives of this study were to simulate the climate change effects on phenology stages, Leaf Area Index (LAI), biomass and grain yield of maize in the future and to explore the possibilities of employing planting dates as mitigating options to decrease the climate change impacts on maize production in Khorasan Razavi province. For this purpose, we employed two types of General Circulation Models ((United Kingdom Met. Office Hadley Center: HadCM3) and (Institute Pierre Simon Laplace: IPCM4)) and three scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1) for three time period as 2020, 2050 and 2080. LARS-WG was used to produce daily climatic parameters as one stochastic growing season for each projection period and CERES-Maize model was used to simulate maize growth. The results of model evaluation showed that LARS-WG had appropriate prediction for climatic parameters and simulation of stochastic growing season in future climate change conditions. Time period from cultivation until anthesis and maturity were reduced in majority of scenarios as affected by climate change. The results indicated that the grain yield of maize may be reduced 11% to 38% as affected by climate change based on common planting date in baseline. In general, earlier planting date (1 May) caused higher yield compared with other planting dates (10 and 20 May). It seems that management of planting dates can be regarded as appropriate approach to reduce adverse effects of climate change on grain yield of maize.

DOR: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.21595852.2021.11.1.1.3/
In recent decades, climate change and frequent droughts have had great impacts on farming systems and have led farmers to become accustomed to these conditions, which are causing problems, especially, for smallholder farmers. With the severe weather events and their adverse effects, especially in arid regions, farmers' adaptation to these changes is indisputable and critical strategy. Thus, farmers need to make complex decisions about mitigating the adverse effects of climate change to take advantage of newer opportunities as possible. The understanding of the process by which farmers decide to stand facing climate changes and probing into the determinants of the process provide research evidence for policy makers to assist farmers to adapt to climate change effects. This article would establish a conceptual framework, inclusive of factors influencing farmers’ decision-making to adapt to climate change, and would clarify causal relations among these factors. According to the results, household characteristics, economic factors, knowledge, motives and goals, perceived outcomes of adaptation, social, personal norms, perception of climate change, perceived risk and obstacles, attitude towards climate change, prospective perception of climate change, the evaluation of climate change, and adaptation initiatives could influence farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change.

The rapid growth of industrial activities and as a result the increase of greenhouse gases in the last few decades has caused the disturbance of the global climate balance, which is referred to as the phenomenon of climate change. The negative effects of this phenomenon may intensify in the future due to society's attitude towards the rapid development of industry and less attention to the environment. There is a lot of evidence that these changes are happening; Adapting to climate change includes a set of management measures to reduce harmful consequences and benefit from it. Mitigating measures include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting and expanding clean technologies, and protecting forests to deal with climate change; these are necessary even though these actions will slow down the occurrence of climate change, they are not able to halve or reverse the process of this phenomenon in the future. Therefore, in the medium term, society needs a specific strategy to adapt to the expected changes. Adapting to climate change is based on a better and more appropriate understanding of the effects of climate change and making informed decisions in taking measures to deal with this phenomenon. Adaptive strategies with the effects of climate change include a wide range, some of which are non-engineering or non-structural (education and insurance) and some are engineering or structural (such as structural measures and changes in management style).Insurance is one of the main methods of non-structural adaptation, and in a situation where this trend is increasing due to the growing trend of the harmful effects of greenhouse gases and the intensification of the effects of climate change, paying attention to the experiences of developed countries and adapting to the existing conditions of the country in line with the attention It is very important to have insurance products compatible with climate change that are also compatible with the country.

The research method considered in this article is based on the qualitative research method, and first, scientific reports and related sources were extracted, and the experiences of countries were extracted by examining written documents and using a comparative approach. To present the results, the extracted outputs were analyzed into three main classes of general understanding of the effects of climate change, insurance, and product development. The United Nations Development Program (2021) includes an index called HDI to determine the development of countries. This index is determined based on education, health, lifestyle, etc. The numerical value of this index varies between zero and one, and for developed countries, a value higher than 0.8 is considered. In this article, the value of this index based on the statistics of 2021 is the basis for the division of developed countries, and among the developed countries, Spain, Great Britain, Italy, Iceland, Belgium, Turkey, Romania, Sweden, Finland, Malaysia, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Japan, Norway, Bulgaria, Germany, Denmark and the United States of America were considered as selected countries.

Climate change is one of the main challenges of the last century. With the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change at the international level, comprehensive policies in this field were taken into consideration and studies related to investigating the effects, relief, and adaptation to climate change were expanded. Structural and non-structural approaches are the two main approaches to adapting to climate change, and the current research is trying to use an adaptive approach, which is part of the non-structural strategy based on climate change risk management and centered on "insurance".The results showed that in general, the emission of more than half of the greenhouse gases in the world occurs in developed countries and their share of insured losses is higher, and also the governments in these countries seek to understand the general trend of the effects of climate change and respond to it. Therefore, examining the experiences of these countries in the field of providing solutions to face climate change is considered necessary and useful. These ongoing solutions include insurance plans and coverages, climate change risk management strategies in insurance, climate change risk transfer methods in insurance, and insurance products tailored to climate change.

The first step regarding the general understanding of the risk of climate change is to know the effects of climate change and especially the threats caused by climate change in the field of natural hazards and consequently the threat to the insurance industry. From this point of view, developed countries have experienced a favorable situation, which has become a platform for additional experiences in the field of insurance and product development in the face of climate change. Therefore, examining the experiences of these countries in the field of providing solutions to face climate change is considered necessary and useful. These ongoing solutions include insurance plans and coverages, climate change risk management strategies in insurance, climate change risk transfer methods in insurance, and insurance products tailored to climate change. Providing insurance products suitable for catastrophic events, including optional coverage especially for storms and floods, providing insurance for agricultural products or high-risk product insurance, comprehensive legal mandatory insurance against damages caused by natural hazards, creating a national solidarity fund with the aim of financial support for damage prevention. Providing insurance incentives for preventive measures, green loans for financial support of adaptation measures are among the most important and widely used plans and insurance products reviewed in selected developed countries.