Consumption of water contaminated with arsenic can cause various adverse health effects. Iranian standard of arsenic in drinking water is 50µg/L, while World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a maximum level of 10µg/L arsenic in the drinking water. As some drinking water sources are contaminated with arsenic in Hashtrood (in neighborhood of Charoymagh) and also arsenic detection is not included in the current routine monitoring of the drinking water, this study aimed to trace the detectable amounts of arsenic in the drinking water sources of Charoymagh district in the East Azerbaijan province. Water supply, sanitation status and arsenic presence were studied in the Charoymagh district including residential villages. Water sampling and field works were carried out by environmental health experts. Ez arsenic test kit was used for testing the arsenic in the water samples. Of 210 studied villages, arsenic was detected in the drinking water of 41 villages (19.52%). In eight villages, the level of arsenic in the drinking water was higher than the Iranian standard (50µg/L) allowance. In 33 villages, arsenic concentration was 10µg/L> ≥ 50µg/L. A total number of 7290 individuals (22.06%) were exposed to arsenic in the drinking water which was higher than that recommended by WHO. It is concluded that Charoymagh district is an area with arsenic presence in some drinking water sources. It is necessary to replace the water sources of the villages with high level of arsenic with safe drinking water.

To provide quality water for various uses in drinking, health and agricultural sectors, arid regions of our country is facing many challenges. Due to its strategic location and higher sensitivity, drinking water needs better quality. The study area of Bajestan is one of dry lands of Razavi Khorasan province. This city is located in the central area of this area. The agricultural water of this plain is supplied from three Qanats with good quality of the plain, and original resource water for drinking, sanitation and urban green spaces is supplied from the transfer water of playa with lower quality. Since most of groundwater of this area is used in the agricultural sector, this research is aimed at economic analysis of prices, in order to determine the actual price of water input in different uses and compare their ratio. Benefit to cost is done in allocating the type of water source. Considering the population of Bajestan city of 14000 people and daily per capita consumption of 3 liters per person, the daily cost of 42.09 m3 of drinking water is 115441332 IRRs, while the actual daily cost of water in the health sector for this population is 93283042. The results of analysis of costs in the agricultural sector in pomegranate, saffron and pistachio products showed that the ratio of profit to cost is 0.87, 2.2 and 0.89, respectively, which shows that the production of product is not efficient. This is the sector and in the case of raw water sold by farmers to Water Company, even at a third of the actual price of drinking water, that is 914000 IRRs. It leads to a decrease in the aquifer and also to an increase in profit for the smallholder farmers and the management, optimizing water consumption and allocation will help.

Water is a unique resource and a vital material. Limitation of this vital material influences the capacity of other vital resources like food, energy and wild life. The per capita extraction of water is decreasing in some of the poorest and richest countries of the world due to environmental reasons, increasing costs and scarcity of water. It has to be considered that the distribution of water flow is not uniform in the world and water flow is not distributed proportional with population. Iran is not an exemption to this rule several steps have been taken to decrease the use of drinking water for irrigation purposes and use non-drinkable water especially in South Khorasan province which has the least average of rainfall. Steps toward decreasing consumption of drinkable water has been taken at green space. Also, the city hall of Qaen has started the enforcement of a plans of drinking water separation from water consumption that is used for the irrigation of plants and use of non-drinkable water for watering the trees, grass and the plants. In this research, plan of drinkable water separation from water consumption of the city of Qaen's green space from two economic sides and measuring of drinking water consumption are considered. The result shows that, the most deduction of drinking water consumption in the year 1388 is about 67 percent. In the year 1390 about 45 percent and in the year 1389 about 32.8 percent had a reduction of urban drinking water consumption. In the first three years of the implementation of this plan reduction of expenses of about 2298 million Rials was achieved considering the fact that reduction of expenses is a very important issue in the implementation and performance of this system for the city hall.

Groundwater resources, including the most important sources of drinking water are based on studies of underground aquifers provide the main source of drinking water to more than 1.5 billion people around the world.Groundwater contamination by pollutants affecting the quality of these resources will be useless and even likely in some areas. Therefore, the present study aims at the evaluation of heavy metal concentrations in drinking water wells in the rural areas of Bandar Abbas. This cross-sectional study has been conducted in various parameters and the chemical quality of water. We measured the concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cd,, Pb) from 25 sources (wells) based on standard methods. The findings of this study showed that concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd in drinking water wells in rural areas of Bandar Abbas were: 0.07, 0.02, 0.0054 mg liter, respectively. The values were less than the standard values of Word Health Organization. But, Cd concentration in 13 cases and Pb concentration in 9 cases were higher than WHO standards. The results suggest that measurement of the average metal concentrations in all drinking water wells in rural areas of Bandar Abbas were not higher than World Health Organization standards. However, more studies are recommended in areas with water wells contaminated with heavy metals.

Providing safe water for consumption with low cost is one of the main objective of water supply systems. A main source of nitrate in water is using excessive fertilizer. The high amounts of nitrate in water has a deteriorating effect on the environment and health so nitrate removal must be below the recommended levels of WHO guidelines. The purpose of this study is nitrate removal from aqueous solution by Poly Aluminum Silicate Chloride (PASIC) and Electro Coagulation process (EC). This experimental study was aimed to examine efficiency of the effects of various operating parameters such pH (4-11), initial nitrate (25-100 mg L-1), contact time (5-60 min), residual aluminum in finished water by application of EC process and PASIC.. The results showed that the applied methods have the ability to remove nitrate from aqueous solutions to levels less than standard those of WHO. PH and electrical potential difference had direct effect while contrast initial nitrate concentration had reverse effect of nitrate removal. The results showed that the coagulant PASIC and EC process, can reach nitrate removal respectively 65% and 55%, so that the optimum condition of the nitrate removal for EC was contact time of 60 min, a voltage of 30 W, pH = 10 and for PASIC was Concentration in 5 mg /L, contact time of 15 min, pH = 10. Our results showed significant differences between the mean concentration in all variables of the raw water before and after doing all process (P ≤ 0.05). According to our findings PASIC coagulants in removing nitrates AD better performance than electro coagulation process. Given the higher performance of PASIC in the low concentration and natural pH of water than the EC process, it would be more cost- effective and economical. Residual aluminum in finished water was below the recommended WHO guidelines and Iranian standard institute. In terms of cost and efficacy this method could be considered as an alternative method to the drinking water treatment plant.

In the current situation, water resources are facing quantitative and qualitative issues which leave us with no other choice except to change our perspective towards consumption management. Separating drinking water from sanitary water is one of the components of the consumption quality management. This study was carried out based on SWOT analysis and AHP. At first, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of separation of drinking water from sanitation water was obtained by survey of experts’ opinions. Priorities among SWOT factors and inconsistency rate of matrices was obtained by pairwise comparison matrices. In SWOT analysis the internal factor evaluation matrix (IFE), the external factors evaluation (EFE) and the internal and external factors (IE) were used. IFE and EFE matrices showed the final score of internal and external factors as 2.51 and 1.78, respectively. This indicated that the condition in Yazd are favorable in terms of internal factors while it is not positive in terms of using opportunities or staying away from threats. According to the internal and external factors, strategies are considered as drinking water distribution network (pipeline for drinking water) (SO), Governmental centralized drinking water distribution network (ST), private sector centralized drinking water distribution network (WO) and private sector mobile distribution systems of drinking water (WT). IE matrix showed that the Water and Sewage Company should choose the ST strategy (centralized drinking water distribution network) to avoid the threats and as a solution to water scarcity in 5- to 10-yr horizon

Fluoride is one of the important elements. There are so many controversial scientific points of view regarding fluoride and its presence in food chain. Water fluoridation is the best and most reliable method for the control of dental caries. In this research, the presence and concentration of fluoride in drinking water resources in the city of Damghan and DMF index (decayed, missed, filled) between 560 school students (12-15) was investigated. The mean concentration of fluoride in water supplies of Damaghan city was measured in low rain seasons 0.37 mg/l and high rain seasons 0.6 mg/l the DMF index for 12 year sold student was equal 2.00 that comparing these data with the WHO classify cation for DMF index, showed them to be considered in the second surface (low) classificatino. For conclusion, based on the mentioned data, a significant correlation may be found between the two parameters in different communities, and the most logic solution for the control of dental cavities in these communities, is the adjusment of fluoride concentration in drinking water.

Conducted studies about arsenic have shown that consumption of water contaminated with arsenic can causes different adverse health effects in consumers. World Health Organization (WHO) has enacted 10µg/L arsenic in drinking water as a guideline value. Regarding some reports about arsenic presence in a village of Hashtrood county and related health effects and also considering this fact that determination of arsenic as a poisoning chemical is not included in routine monitoring of water by responsible organizations, in present study all of drinking water sources in Hashtrood county in East Azerbaijan province were studied for arsenic presence. Water supply and its sanitation situation were studied in all of cities and residential villages (200 villages) by field visiting. Arsenic content of water samples were determined using Ez arsenic test kit, a product of Hach Company. For assurance of the kit results, 20 water samples with different concentration of arsenic were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) method and then achieved results was compared together. Arsenic was present in drinking water of 50 villages that in 9 villages its level was higher than Iranian standard (50µg/L). During the study totally 11087 persons (21.96% of rural areas population) in Hashtrood county were exposed to different levels of arsenic via drinking water. Correlation between kit and ICP results was significant (R2 = 0.9715) Studied region in present study is a polluted area to arsenic by geogenic sources. It is necessary to replace water source of villages with higher level than national standard with safe drinking water. Annually measurement of arsenic in drinking water of all villages spatially polluted villages should be considered by responsible organization e.g. Health Network and Rural Water and Wastewater Company. Used kit in our study is recommendable for this purpose.

One of the goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Dental Federation (WDF) is declining the decay، missing or filled teeth (DMFT) index in people under 12 years down to the level of 1. The present study aimed to determine the DMFT index in 7 to 11-year-old students and its association with the amount of fluoride in drinking water in Shiraz، Iran. This was a cross-sectional، descriptive study. It has been performed over 760 students in order to measuring the DMFT index in the four educational districts of Shiraz in 2010. 75 water samples were taken to determine the amount of fluoride. The water samples were taken from water networks supply including the four different educational districts. Fluoride in the water was determined by SPADNS method. Schools and students were selected by cluster and random sampling methods، respectively. Then examination of students was performed by the dental hygienist. The average concentration of the fluoride in Shiraz was 0. 69 mg/l and DMFT index was 0. 935. The maximum rate of DMFT was in the average of 1. 35 which was in the 4th district and the minimum amount was in the 1st district with the average of 0. 47. The rate of DMFT in girl and boys has been equal with the average of 0. 93. There was no statistically significant association between the amount of DMFT and age of different groups (P > 0. 05). The most amount of missing teeth (pulled out tooth) has been related to the age group 8 with the average DMFT 2. 42. The average DMFT in the 3rd and 4th district were 1. 26 and 1. 35، respectively، showing a statistically significant difference with the amount of DMFT in the 1st and 2nd district averaged 0. 47 and 0. 65 (P < 0. 001). Average DMFT index in the present study was 0. 935 which was much lower than before. Although the average amount of fluorine in Shiraz drinking water is lower than the standard، it is still less than one by improving oral hygiene the average DMFT index of students in Shiraz