he territorial future of rural areas requires the design of scenarios for the development of space, in which it solves all problems in any program. Today, the most important goal of all countries is the comprehensive growth and excellence of human societies, and the existence of inequality in various aspects like economic, social, physical, etc. are signs of underdevelopment. Rural development program based on different models in Babol County has not been successful in economic prosperity and improving the lives of villagers and their empowerment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development indicators of mountain and plain villages of Babol County and in order to achieve the desired goals, both library and field research were used. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of field research. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of field research. In the beginning, after planning and identifying the problem accurately, organized studies were conducted in order to prepare literature and theoretical review as library research, and in the field research stage, the required data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and the questionnaire was systematically randomly distributed among the statistical population. The validity of the research tool was obtained using the opinion of professors and researchers and the reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha with the confidence level of 82%. The statistical population is the villages of Eastern Bandpey District of Babol (4 mountain villages and 4 plain villages) which were selected as the sample by using Cochran's formula of 210 households. In order to measure the research variables, independent tests, Mann–Whitney U test and linear regression were used in SPSS software. The results of the independent t-test demonstrate that there is a significant difference of 99% between the income of rural households in plain villages and mountain villages. So that the villagers in the plain areas have a better economic situation. Furthermore, the results of Mann-Whitey U test for comparing qualitative components illustrate that in terms of widening and asphalting of roads and streets, development of green space and tree planting along the streets, garbage collection and waste management, surface water collection, gas supply, and electricity, there is a significant difference of 99% in the studied villages and the villages in the mountainous areas are not in a good condition. In addition, the results of linear regression analysis indicate that there is an acceptable relationship between rural motivation to stay and rural development facilities and infrastructure, suitable jobs, and sufficient income. the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that geographic location in spatial development is very effective , so that based on the modified coefficient and   coefficient of determination , it was found that development scenarios up to 76 percent are dependent on improving communication lines , accessibility and development infrastructure in rural areas.

Classification of pattern and geometrical characteristics of the river pattern is considerd as an important issue relevant to fluvial geomorphology. Therefore various researches have been made by Babol river in coastal plain was examined with the emphasis on meanderic pattern. First, geometerical characteristics were obtained with the use of curve fitting, also by using coefficient of Leopold & wolman and table of kornise the pattern of the river was separated considering braided, meander and straight. The result of this examination indicated that Babol river from the rivers pattern of view, in the up stream have middle pattern between meandering and braided and in the down stream have meandering pattern.

In order to investigate pathogenic variation in population of the causal agent of yellow rust, and evaluate resistance of wheat cultivars and advanced lines released before and after 1992, the year of epidemic of yellow rust in Iran, known genotypes for resistance to yellow rust, including yellow rust differential cultivars, yellow rust near isogenic lines, some sources for adult-plant resistance genes, and genotypes carrying factors for durable resistance, were evaluated in Northern, Northeast and West provinces of Iran. According to the results obtained, virulence factors for Yr1 were present in Neishabour, Torogh, and Jolgehh Rokh in Khorasan province (Northeast) for Yr2 in Neishabour, Torogh, and Jolgeh Rokh (Northeast), Kalaleh and Gharakhill (North) Ultan, Jafarabad, and Alagrogh (Northwest) for Yr3 in Neishabour for/Yr6, Yr7, and Yr9 in all regions for Yr8 in Jolgeh Rokh, Kalaleh, Ultan, Jafarabad, and Alarogh for Yrll in Torogh and Gorgan for Yr12 in Torogh, Gorgan, and Ultan for Yr18 in all regions except Agh Ghala and Torogh for Yr22, Yr23, Yr25, and YrA in all regions for YrSu in Lalaleh, lafarabad, and Alarogh for undesignated resistance genes present in Nugains cultivar (YrA1 and YrA2) in Neishabour, Torogh, Jolgeh Rokh, Gorgan, Jafarabad, and Alarogh for Yr27 (YrSK) in Torogh. For genes Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr14, Yr15, Yr24, YrSD, YrCV, and YrSP virulence factors were not observed so far, thus these genes are recommended as effective genes, which can be used as resistance sources for use in breeding programs. All Iranian old wheat varieties, which had been released before 1992, were highly susceptible in all nurseries and among newly released varieties, Tajan was susceptible in Torogh Mahdavi in Neishabour Alamout and Zarrin in Torogh Alvand in Neishabour Chamran in Neishabour and Jolgeh Rokh. Wheat advanced lines C-73-5 and 8-75-20 were susceptible in Alarogh, M-75-10 in Jolgeh Rokh, M-75-19 in Kalaleh, and N-75-5 in Torogh.

IntroductionEach part of a shore should be thouroughly considered with its hydrodynamic, lithodynamic, geological, geomorphological, and other peculiarities. In modern conditions, anthropogenic factors should also be included. Only such a multilateral approach can produce results which reflect the actual situation as closely as possible. Arid lands and coastal zones are the most favourable areas for wind processes. The analysis of the forms and coastal conditions provides a valuable key for coastal management. A beach can be composed of a wide variety of materials of many sizes and shapes. The river load is one of the hydrological elements that affects the beach. Particle size windows (PSWs) are interpreted as reflecting different modes of sediment transport and deposition. In a related research on western Makoran coastal plain, Shayan et.al (2014) found that the distribution of the internal sand masses on the plain was affected by the extent of the old beds and floodplain that were exposed to the prevailing wind rather than wind function. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of river’s flows on sedimentological characteristics of the shoreline in the western part of Mokran coastal plain, Iran. The major process that formed coastal plains were fluvial processes. In semi arid areas, the geomorphological impacts of dams are very major. The purpose here was to identify the consequences of dam construction on vegetation and aeolian geomorphology with an emphasis on the ecogeomorphology of the western part of Makran coastal plain. The study area is located at 25o31’-25o50’N, 57o52’-59o02’E, in the western part of the coastal plain of Makoran, the southern part of Iran, the northern part of the Oman Sea, and the eastern part of Strait of Hormoz. In general, the region under research could be assumed a dry land with very low rain, windy, sand storm, torrent shower, thunder-storm, higher humidity, and hazy down (Akbarian et al., 2006). Geologically, it is affected by Mokran (Makoran) region's general construction and it is mainly composed of shaile, marl, and sandstone layers.
MethodologyResearch data included spatial distributions of coastal lanforms, river's hydrodinamic data, data of surface morphometric specialy slope, and type of vegetation. Maps of geology and topography, satellite imagery, aerial photos, GPS and computer softwares such as Freehand and ArcGIS were used. Morphodynamic changes of the rivers were investigated by using hydrometric station's data, comparing the satelite images and areal photos, and gathering the results of other studies. The Coastal plain's topographical and geological charecteristics, the distribution map of landfoms, the vegetatin cover, and coastal dunes were also studied. Then, based on the geomorphological analysis and information from field works, the possible ecogeomorphological consequences of dam construction were studied.
DiscussionThe exploitation of coastal rivers have had an enormously negative impact on coastal zone and a deleterious effect on the natural dynamics of river loads. The basins leading to the Coastal Plains of Sedijch, Gabric, and Jagin have high sedimentation discharge. According to the results, the hydrodynamic effects of these rivers have a special effect on the formation of plain landforms. The sources of the sedimentation of sand masses and the establishment of forest cover on adjacent coastal plain are affected by river’s hydrodynamic. Once dams constructions on these rivers are complete, sediment load virtually comes to an end. In the near future, major changes can be expected at the mouth of the rivers and along the coastal zones of this region. However, dams could cause serious environmental damage in the downstream of these rivers. They may increase the severity of wind erosion, the performance of waves in sediment drift along the coastline. They will also have negative effect on the amount of forest cover on upland of these coastal plains and especially mangrove wetlands.
These results are consistent with the following researchers. According to Nanson and Croke (1992), as a result of environmental modifications on rivers, flood plains affected by major rivers evolve over time. In a study of hydrology, geomorphology and vegetation in the southeastern coastal rivers of the United States, Hop (2000) concluded that the vegetation diversity of the coastal plain has adapted to long flood periods and anaerobic conditions. Based on Berkun (2014), the natural course of fluvial alluvium transport is almost completely altered because of planned and constructed dams and coastal protection measures. Decreasing volume of sediment carried to the sea cause intensification of the shore erosion (Berkun, 2012). Sulimanirad et al. (2011) stated that the habitat of the protected area of Gabrij (the whole range of Gabriel coastal wetlands, Jengin, and Sourgelm) is threatened and possibly destroyed due to the construction of a dam on the Jegin River, camel grazing and the destruction of mangroves.
ConclusionThe present study showed that water and sediment discharge of rivers and their hydrodynamic has a special role in the formation of coastal landforms, specially on aeolian landforms, and the stablishment of mangrove on lagoon and Persian Gulf-Oman(Sahara-Sendi) forest habitat on upland deltas. Lake of fluvial processes in the long period will probably have destructive consequences on the ecology and geomorphology of this coastal region.

Iran is one of the countries that is witnessing an increase in dust events and wind erosion recently. Although wind erosion is a global phenomenon, its severity depends on the environmental circumstances (Chorley et al., 2000). In the arid and semi-arid regions, wind is the main factor in desertification process (Yan, 2004). Coastal zones are dynamic parts of the Earth. They and arid lands are the most favorable areas for wind processes (Mahmoodi, 2002). Experiments have shown that in dry areas, wind velocities of up to 4.5 meters per second can be considered as an erosive factor. From this point on, changes in wind erosion rates will be followed by changes in velocities (Mahmoudi, 2002). Of course, the transport of sediment by wind is the result of the interaction between the wind and the earthchr('39')s surface, which depends on the size of the sediment grains (Bagnold, 1941). Highly fine grains (<60 – 70 µm) are transported in suspension, or they are transported over long distances via the turbulent airflow (Lancaster, 1995). In addition to the characteristics of surface soil, the sources of soil moisture supply from the atmosphere are the main factors affecting wind erosion (Shayan et al., 2014). There is also an undeniable relationship between dust emission and geomorphological features and land cover. Studies in various parts of the world, including West Texas in the United States (Leea et al., 2012), Hamoon in Iran (Dahmardeh et al., 2019) confirm this. In arid regions, dust events are one of the most important threats to the human environment (Kermani et al., 2016). According to the studies by the Iranian National Plan for the Identification of Crisis Centers of Wind Erosion, over 20 million hectares of Iran are in a critical wind erosion area. About 13 million hectares are in the origin zone, about 2 million hectares are transport or transit areas and the remaining 5 million hectares are sedimentation zones or ergs (Desert Affairs Office, 2002). The western part of Mackoran coastal plains exposed to wind erosion, as a part of the wind erosion critical area, due to its topographic and soil characteristics (Asadpour & Akbarian, 2009; Akbarian et al.,2008). The present study attempted to identify the role of geomorphological factors that affected the dust events in the western part of Makran coastal plain as a dry coastal region. The study area is located in the western coastal plain of Mackoran, southern Iran at 25°31´N - 27°09´N, 56°54´ - 59°19´E, which is north of the Gulf of Oman and east of the Strait of Hormuz. Generally, the region consists of dry land with very little rain, windy with sandstorms, torrents, thunderstorms, high humidity, and fog. Geologically, the area is affected by the general structure of the Makoran Mountains, and is mainly composed of shale, marl, and sandstone layers. The Mackoran Plain is divided into six parts by five relatively high hills from the remnants of the Mackoran Foothills, which reach the coast in the form of capes. Based on the position of the first cape in Bunji (west of Kuh Mobarak), the region of the research is divided into two main sections that have completely different orientations (Figure 1). The west of Kuh Mobarak includes the shores of the Strait of Hormuz and has a north-south trend; The eastern part also includes the coasts of Jask county with the western-eastern trend.

The data collected and processed in this study include Modis satellite images, the wind velocities, the percentage of relative humidity and precipitation in the period from 1/1/1993 to 12/31/2018, as well as the granulometric information about the plain surface sediments, including wind depositions, bed of dry rivers and coastal plain landforms. The research tools included topographic and geomorphological maps of the area, GPS, laboratory instruments of granulometry, and computer software such as Envi. After referring to the research records, 31 samples were taken. The samples were granulometric and the diameter characteristics of the particles were determined. From the relationship between particles’ diameter and threshold velocity, wind erosion threshold velocity was determined and with experimental formulas, threshold velocity was obtained in humid air conditions. Also, the probability of the occurrence of wind erosion in different months during the selected time period was calculated and analyzed. Finally, by processing the optical depth of terra satellite images from the MODIS sensor, the possible dust days were investigated and compared with a map of geomorphology in two parts of the research area. 

The study of the geomorphological map indicates the existence of two different trends north-south and west-east in the stretch of plains and wind-sensitive landforms, respectively in the eastern part of the Strait of Hormuz and the coast of the Sea of Oman, east of Hormozgan province. The diameter of sediment particles in the research area varies between 94 and 375 micrometers. Most of the lowland landscapes’ sediments have a diameter of 187.57 μm, so according to the Zakhar table (Table 1), the threshold of wind erosion at a rate of 7.21 ms-1 will be result in dry conditions. The wind erosion threshold in terms of humidity changes, varies between 7.21 and 12.31 meters per second during the research period. The months of February, March, and April respectively have the highest probability of erosion; October, November, and September respectively have the lowest probability of wind erosion. Image processing shows different concentrations of dust in the western and southern parts of the region. On dusty days, the concentration of dust in the western plain is far more than of the southern plain.

According to the results, it seems that the spatial difference in dust concentration in the western plain of Mackoran is affected by the geomorphological arrangement of landforms against the prevailing wind and their erodibility to wind is not a determining factor. In the western plains, where sensitive zones extend perpendicular to the wind direction, the wind is able to remove large volumes of suspended particles without being saturated. This process is not applicable to the southern plains, where sensitive forms have a narrow width and long elongation on wind direction.

In analyzing functions of cities, it is important to notice geographical, population, economic and communicative characteristics. Formation of settlements and urban networks in Mazandaran follows Alborz mountains, water resources (permanent and seasonal rivers and springs), and communication networks in heights and plains. The purpose of this study is applied; its nature is descriptive-analytical and its method of data collection focuses around documents and field data. For data analysis (intensity of function and role of cities), this study relies on fuzzy logic. Drawing provincial cities function map was accomplished in Arc GIS. Results obtained from various population, distance (Km, time), centrality in fuzzy logic indexes suggest that distribution of population levels follows the current trend in national urban levels system. Although centers of the cities enjoy numerical supremacy, they have negligible shares of the province’s urban population. The reverse and symmetrical relationship between the number of cities and urban population is perceivable by moving from lower levels (city center, rural-city) to (sub-regional centers, metropolitan regions) such as: Sari, Babol, Amol, Qaemshahr. According to the indexes of provincial urban levels system table, stairwise ascent (city center, rural-city) from weak to medium and good function in (small, medium cities) and from good (sub-regional centers, metropolitan regions) to prominent function is observed. Thus, (reginal metropolitan) Sari and Babol have prominent functions and (sub-regional centers) Amol and Qaemshahr show good functions. Around 41% of 58 provincial cities including (urban centers and rural-cities) demonstrate weak function with Western and high altitude cities having the greatest share. Keywords: urban systems, population levels,, regional metropolis, urban function, fuzzy logic Research Paper.

Drought is one of the atmospheric phenomena that adverse effects on various sectors environmental, economic and social gradually identified and is tangible and that is the reason it is also called creeping disaster. In this study, droughts zoning for five years consecutive caspian plain with using spi and czi indices with Arc Gis for stations synoptic: Astara, Inchebron, Bandar anzali, Babolsar, Ramsar, Rasht, Ghaemshar, Gafarhaji, Gorgan and Noushar collected. For this purpose, total rainfall for 25 years 1986 to 2010 was considered .The results indexs show that, most wet year for stations Astara with index respectively 2.6 and 2.22 in 2000 year and most dry year for station Babolsar in 2010 year with index respectively -2.86 and -2.39. Based maps drought five year in 1990 most of the drought in the eastern part of the caspian plains and other areas faced with lower rates. in 1995 year the drougt has led to the central plain and in 2000 year area west and central plains experienced drought magnitude is different. in 2005 year drought with differeant magnitude occurred in all parts of the plains and also in 2010 year all part plain caspian withness drought and process drought has decrease in east to west plain caspin.