One of the most important issues in relation with language & gender is the propagation of sexist ideologies through spoken & written discourse. Central to critical linguistic analysis is the notion of ideology. They believe that to the extent that the concepts in a discourse are related as a system, they are part of a theory or ideology, that is, a system of concepts and images which are a way of seeing and grasping things, and of interpreting what is seen or heard or read. All perception involves theory or ideology, and there are no “raw” uninterpreted, theory-free facts. It is the prime focus of critical linguistics to unmask those ideologies which seem to be hidden within language-use which poses itself as natural. The purpose of the present research was to provide some information about what constitutes a sexist language. In fact the effect of providing this information can help us to eliminate or reduce sexism in our language and our society. In the present research sexism in Persian language is discussed. At first sexist language is defined and the importance of its study is explained. Then a variety of instructional methods is applied to address the use of sexist language. After that by virtue of some criteria for language sexism and by examining different kinds of data from different parts of language (lexicon, grammar, proverb and so on), Persian language is examined.In sum, the results of the present study illustrated that:1- Persian language is an example of one sexist language. 2- This sexist language not only reflects the discrimination in society but also it is a powerful tool that creates it.

In sexism, the juxtaposition of words forms can elevate one gender above another and unsettle equality between genders. In the present work, sexism is examined in a corpus-based manner through qualitative and quantitative analysis of collocations of the words woman and man in Hamshahri Corpus version 2. In the present research which has been done on the basis of Baker’s (2006, 2010a, 2017) corpus-based approach, the collocations of the words man and woman have been identified using Antconc software functions of collocates and concordance and the data have been classified semantically. The results show the existence of sexism in the collocations of written Persian language; while both of the words man and woman co-occur with collocations having neutral-meaning, qualitative analysis of collocations categories reveals that women, in comparison to men are in lower position. Also, sexism against women is observed in categories like family, job, personal characteristics, art and crime.

Many noteworthy studies have been done to examine the discursive relationship between gender and metaphor in the context of politics, media and literature. In this research, however, I try to investigate the relationship between gender and metaphor specifically in poetical discourse. The main questions of this research are as follows: What is the role of gender in the production and selection of metaphors in the poems by Shamloo and Moshiri? And also can we claim that metaphor is an instrument for representation of sexism in given poems? Research data are extracted from poems by Shamloo and Moshiri and they are analyzed based on Charteris-Black’s discourse theory of metaphor. The results of research indicate that there are manifestations of sexism in these poems, but the degree of sexism in the poems of Shamloo is higher than Moshiri’s. The reason is that the semantic domain of war on conceptual metaphors in Shamloo’s poems is more than Moshiri’s. Therefore, the results of the research indicate that the production and selection of metaphors in poems are decided by gender, attitude and thought of poets, as well as their feelings and social atmosphere. Indeed, gender plays an important role in production and selection of metaphors in poems.

Many researchers in the field of socio-linguistics, sociology and feminism have done research on the principle of language showing that there are some differences between the language of men and women. The question is that whether gender plays any role in literary language(poetry) and besides phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels of language ifimages, such as simile and metaphor, are gender-oriented and are influenced by the mentality of women poets.In this researchthe influence of gender on the use of simile and metaphor in the poetry of ten contemporary Iranian women poets have been studied. First, one or two collections of the poetry of these poets have been randomly chosen, and secondthe two main figures of simile and metaphor have been analyzed in respect of gender. It is concluded that due to differences between men and women, such as their social and biological background, women poets use gender-oriented similes and metaphors. Moreover, they use these types of similes and metaphors to express their romantic and sensual-emotional tendencies.

Sexism in language is a well-known discourse in linguistics. In sexist language, the choice of particular linguistic variations leads to gender bias in favor of one gender and against the other. Sexism has been widely researched through the corpus-based methods in international studies but it has not been investigated by analytical corpus processes in Iranian contexts. This study discusses sexism in Persian language word formation in Hamshahri Corpus version 2 based on Baker’s (2006, 2010, 2017) corpus-based approach. To this end, the words formed by the morphemes man and woman were selected as the representative words in each gender category and the frequency and concordance were explored using Antconc. The data were then examined by first assigning semantic values to the corpus and then running statistical tests. The results showed the existence of sexism in the word formation of the Contemporary Written Persian Language; it seems that the morpheme man is used more frequently than woman in forming words in Persian Language. Moreover, the findings showed that positive characters are represented by the morpheme man and negative characters are represented by the morpheme woman. This study can reveal parts of Iranian’s viewpoints of sexism in order to stop such a social problem.

The aim of this article is to apply a social semiotic model to analyze the representation of femininity in Kurdish women paintings. The sample includes female painters of Sanandaj in recent two decades recruited through purposeful sampling. The works of Negin Vakili and Akram Karimi have been analyzed by way of Kress & Leeuwen’s social semiotic model, in terms of representational, interactional, and synthetic meanings. The findings show that these two painters, in spite of similarity in terms of their themes and styles, reach two different points: femininity as represented in Vakili’s work follows a kind of reflective sexism, though in Karimi’s work it follows a passive sexism. In the first one, the form of connection between the elements is narrative, so it can provide a reflection of women’s identity. However, in the second one, the elements are connected through a conceptual pattern as well as a kind of passive sexism is unintendedly reproduced. Vakili represents the subject in a natural space which reminds the women’s status in mythical thinking, but Karimi represents the subject in the context of home and family, something which symbolizes women’s status in traditional society. Vakili’s work invites the audience to think about the effects of external factors in constructing female identity, but Karimi’s paintings call the viewers to have a kind of sympathy and identification with women in traditional family and society.

The discrimination against women in language is one of the most discussed topics in societies and academic centers in Spanish speaking countries. The reason for this debate is the development of the Spanish culture and language. With the increasing social role of women in Spanish speaking countries, changes have taken place in the development of this language that require further reflection. Women's rights activists believe that women have been ignored in Spanish. The goal of this study is to investigate sexism in Spanish language and its possible causes. For this, we will study how the grammatical gender of the names of women's jobs is used in the electronic newspapers in Spanish as a statistical population. In some job nous, the use of the masculine nouns is preferred to refer to the feminine gender. The present study examines the causes of this cultural phenomenon that has caused women to be ignored in the current language. In order to do this, an investigation has been carried out through experimental methodology, and based on data from electronic newspapers from three Spanish speaking countries in Argentina, Mexico and Spain, examines the subject of gender discrimination in grammar and the newspapers. The results of this study allow us to know the reality of the contradictory use of the masculine noun to refer to the name of feminine jobs in these three countries, also, it will familiarize Spanish students and translators with the importance of grammatical gender in the today's Spanish language.

Relatively good research on conceptual metaphor has been done so far in political, media and literary texts. In the present study, a conceptual metaphor has been studied in poetic texts. The main questions of the research are: What is the role of conceptual metaphor in constructing and selecting metaphors in Shamloo and Naderpour poems? Can it be accepted that metaphor is a tool to represent certain concepts such as gender in these poems? In this study, data are extracted from the poems of Ahmad Shamloo and Naderpour and analyzed based on the conceptual metaphor theory of Likaf and Johnson. The results show that there are different concepts including gender concepts in Shamloo and Naderpour poems, but the degree of sexuality in Shamloo poems is much more than Naderpour poems because the semantic context of war in the conceptual metaphors of Shamloo poems is more than Naderpour's poems. Therefore, the results indicate that the effective factors in constructing and selecting metaphors in gender poems are the poet's attitude and thought, his feelings and the social atmosphere of the poets' time, and of course the gender factor plays an important role in constructing and selecting metaphors.

Feminism method is view that reveals women’s experience and challenges about gender inequality and male knowledge production.This view doesnot express particular method but identifies womens’s world and their experience with epistemological and ontological perspective and relying on qualitative research.This paper uses feminism critical attitude from quantitative methods and discusses about subject and object, objectivity, politics and power in social sciences. Furthermore talk about elements of research on women’s issues and feminism methodologhy, techniques of collecting data, role of reasercher and felexibility in the reaserch process by providing examples of research..The problem of feminism claims include failure to challenge objectivity, lack of clear method, problem of validity and reliability, bias and genderism and lack of quality among reasercher and responsive in field and exaggerate problems and aspects of disaster of women’s life.