The purpose of this study was to compare rooting methods in tissue culture regenerated-clones in sugar beet and their adaptation to environmental conditions and determine clones ploidy stability. Two kinds of explants including shoot apex of seedlings and inflorescence stem pieces were used for preparation and propagation of the clones in media. In the next step, three rooting and adaptation methods as main plots and four genotypes as sub plots were compared using a split plot experimental design. The methods were: 1. rooting clones in in vitro culture, 2. sink rootless shoot bases into hormonal powder and 3. inducing roots in water-culture device. The plantlets derived from each method were transferred to pots in the greenhouse for the growth and adaptation. Percentage of adapted clones from each treatment was analyzed by SAS program. The results showed no significant differences between methods 1and 2 and these two methods had advantages as compared to the third method. Therefore, method 2 does not need to root from shoots in in vitro and this is resulted in saving of money (personel, media and keeping place) and time (1 to 2 months). In the other experiment, chromosome counting of the clones was performed and genetic stability was observed at ploidy level. Adapted clones were vernalized in cold room and transplanted in the field. The plants in the field produced flowering stems and setting seeds as much as kilogram as a first report.

Crocus flower, which belongs to Iridaceae family, is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants. The propagation of Crocus vernus L. by corm is not commercially affordable due to transmission of fungal and bacterial diseases as well as the long dormancy period which takes 4 to 5 months. Thus, in vitro culture of Crocus vernus is a suitable solution for commercial reproduction. Plant tissue culture technique would be a better alternative for improving quality and production.

In order to micropropagate ornamental saffron, the effect of different culture media on direct organogenesis experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the tissue culture lab of the Department of Horticulture at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan from 2015 to 2016. The explants used in this experiment were latheral and terminal buds which were evaluated in 10 hormons treatments and control in the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). To eliminate surface contamination, the explants were first immersed under water for 30 minutes after placing the corms. Next, they were placed in high temperature Benlate fungicide solution (55° C) for 30 minutes. Then, they were put in 70% ethanol (ethyl alcohol) for 30 seconds and 15% Sodium hypochlorite solution for 6 minutes. The explants were finally washed three times with sterile distilled water under the air flow bench. The effects of plant growth regulators including BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l), TDZ (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mg/l), Kin (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l) and 0.1mg/l IBA in direct regeneration were investigated.

The results showed that the kind of plant growth regulators (PGR) and the explant type are very important in regeneration of Crocus vernus so that we can not secure any shoots without PGR. In direct organogenesis experiment, the maximum number of multiple shoots (15.84) was obtained from apical bud explant in MS medium supplemented with 5/0 mg/l TDZ along with 5/0 mg/l BAP, 5/0 mg/l KIN and 1/0 mg/l IBA, after 10 weeks, that had a significant difference with other treatments at 1% Duncan test. We observed 2.o mg/l BAP along with 1/0 mg/l IBA had the greatest effect on the number of corms.

The results showed the shoot regeneration is controlled by the ratio of cytokinin with auxin. It should be mentioned that cytokinin plays a role in the synthesis of RNA, stimulation of the production of protein, and the activity of some enzymes. The results also indicated that the use of cytokinin along with auxin has a beneficial effect on shoot regeneration.

Much attention being paid on silviculture of different Populus species and their inter-specific hybrids have increased hopes for wood yield increments in Iran. For the mentioned reason much efforts have been done on hybridization between various Populus species in order to broaden their genetic basis, as well as utilizing their entire potentials and extending their ecologic zones. However, experiences of researchers have shown that produced hybrids have increased new genetic variability, as well as differences with their parental species, by which new high yielding cultivars were introduced. This research was performed in order to quantify possible differences between new inter-specific hybrids between Populus alba as female parent and P. euphratica as male parent based on their rooting capability to be introduced as a criteria for selecting new high yielding poplar genotypes.
Producing a number of inter-specific hybrids between two poplar species, Populus euphratica and P. alba, vegetative propagation of three of the best hybrids through apical meristem culture was performed. First active vegetative buds were harvested and surface sterilized by dipping in 20% sodium hypochlorite for five minutes. Then one to two mm of the apical tips were inoculated on half-MS medium containing IBA and BA of 0.01 and 0.5 mg/l respectively. The explants were maintained in growth chamber at 24 ±1°C and 16/8 hr photoperiod for 60 days. DKW with 0.5 mg/l of BAP, 0.5 mg/l of 2iP and 0.5 mg/l IBA were used as proliferation medium. Propagated shoots were inoculated on two rooting media, DKW and ACM. Data were recorded on characteristics such as freshness, number and length of shoots and roots on rooted plantlets and analyzed based on a factorial experimental model.
The studied hybrids were significantly different based on freshness, stem length and rooting ability, in such a way that one of the hybrids even highly rooted at proliferation stage. The hybrid was strongly different with the others studied hybrids at rooting stage by producing much more roots than others as well as producing longer shoots.
The studied hybrids differentiated significantly by meristem culture based on vegetative characteristics such as rooting ability and shoot length. Superior hybrids with specific rooting ability may be selected based on the observed differences between the studied genotypes..

آزمایشات صحرایی به منظور تعیین آستانه ی زیان اقتصادی برای سم پاشی flubendiamide علیه جوانه خوار و میوه خوار بادمجان انجام گرفت. این سم بر اساس ده آستانه، شامل 2% آلودگی جوانه، 5% آلودگی جوانه، اولین میوه دهی + 2% آلودگی میوه، اولین میوه دهی + 5% آلودگی میوه، 2% آلودگی میوه، 5% آلودگی میوه، 2% آلودگی جوانه + 2% آلودگی میوه، 5% آلودگی جوانه + 2% آلودگی میوه، 5% آلودگی جوانه + 5% آلودگی میوه و سم پاشی در فواصل زمانی هفت روز، مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. سم به کاررفته در آستانه ی 2% آلودگی جوانه + 2% آلودگی میوه، بالاترین درصد کاهش آلودگی روی جوانه (46/87%) و میوه (43/81%) را نسبت به شاهد نشان داد و هم چنین بالاترین محصول سالم (26/13 تن در هکتار) و مجموع محصول بادمجان (77/13 تن در هکتار) را تولید کرد. برای آستانه ی 5% آلودگی میوه، نتایج مشابهی به دست آمد. بالاترین نسبت سود به هزینه (BCR) (45/7) با کاربرد flubendiamide در آستانه ی 5% آلودگی میوه با 8 بار سم پاشی و پایین ترین آن (84/1) با انجام 16 بار سم پاشی هفتگی حاصل شد. کاربرد این سم در آستانه ی 2% آلودگی جوانه + 2% آلودگی میوه، دارای BCR به میزان 92/2 با بالاترین دفعات سم پاشی (19 بار) بود. با در نظر گرفتن دفعات سم پاشی، تولید بازار پسند بادمجان و هم چنین BCR، آستانه ی 5% آلودگی میوه به عنوان آستانه ی زیان اقتصادی سم پاشی flubendiamide برای مدیریت آفت جوانه خوار و میوه خوار بادمجان تعیین گردید.

Background and Different studies have shown that caregivers of patients suffering from chronic physical or mental disorder endure a considerable burden. Authors decided to evaluate such burden on two groups of caregivers, (schizophrenic and ESRD patients), since few studies have been carried out regarding this subject in Iran. In an experimental, cross sectional, comparative, two-tier cohort study, 60 caregivers (30 of Schizophrenic and 30 of those suffering from End Stage Renal Disease), were selected as convenient groups. Demographic questionnaires and FBIS were completed for both groups and results were reviewed by SPSS software based on t test. Caregivers of Schizophrenic patients endured a heavier burden in comparison with those suffering from ESRD by a meaningful difference, (0.05%). The results achieved from subgroups also showed that caregivers of both groups bear almost similar economic burden. In subgroup of objective burden, the caregivers of schizophrenic patients endured more burdens in comparison with patients suffering from ESRD, with once again a meaningful difference. Moreover, in subgroup of subjective burden, the caregivers of Schizophrenic patients endured more burdens comparing to patients suffering from ESRD, however the difference was not meaningful. This study revealed that the caregivers of Schizophrenic patients experience more burdens, both objective and subjective, in comparison with patients suffering from ESRD.

We have developed a convenient and efficient method for coupling of aryl iodides and bromides with terminal alkynes. The protocol uses CuI as catalyst, 1, 10-phenanthroline as ligand, KF/Al2O3 as base and toluene as solvent. The method is suitable for the synthesis of functionalized aryl-alkynes.

In order to study growth indices, morphological and physiological traits, grain yield and its components in rice landraces and Improved cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amol) located in the north of Iran in 2003 cropping season. This experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications, Eight improved cultivars; Neda, Dasht, Fajr, Pouya, Khazar, Shafagh (Indica), Onda, Fuji Minori Japonica and two landraces; Tarom and Ramazan Ali Tarom were studied. Because of the differences in developmental pattern among the cultivars growing degree days (GDD) was used instead calendar days in calculating growth indices. Growth indices (Crop Growth Rate = CGR, Relative Growth Rate = RGR, Net Assimilation Rate = NAR, Leaf Area Duration = LAD, Leaf Area Ratio = LAR, Leaf Area Index = LAI) and traits such as number of vascular bundles, flag leaf angle, SPAD value, peduncle length, internode length, tillering capacity and plant height were measured. Results showed that growth indices (TDM, CGR, SLW and LAI) of improved cultivars were greater than landraces. But RGR and NAR of landraces were higher than improved cultivars. Neda had the greatest LAI (5.7) and highest grain yield. Cultivars which had the greatest and the lowest TDM, had the highest and the lowest grain yield, respectively (Onda and Ramezan Ali Tarom). In this study, landraces had taller plant height, less tillering capacity and lower grain yield than improved cultivars. The modern cultivars had greater number of vascular bundles and flag leaf vein than landraces. Onda had the greatest SPAD value (48.35). Neda had the highest panicle/m2 because of greater fertile tillering number. Indica improved cultivars, due to high tillering capacity, Total Dry Matter, Crop Growth Rate, Leaf Area Index and Harvest Index had higher grain yield. However landraces had lower tillering capacity, Total Dry Matter, Crop Growth Rate, Leaf Area Index and Harvest Index therefore lower grain yield. It is concluded that increasing grain yield in rice can be achieved ruough increasing total dry matter and improveing physiological indices.

Six bread wheat advanced lines and nine lines selected from Seri/Babax population with Chamran cultivar as the cheek were evaluated in three locations in two cropping seasons (2009-2011). Two separate experiments including optimum irrigation until physiological maturity and terminal drought stress were applied in each location using complete randomized block design with three replications. Drought stress tolerance of the genotypes to were evaluated by 15 indices. Results showed that simple and multiple effects of experimental factors were significantly different under well-watered and terminal drought stress conditions. Grain yields of Chamran cultivar were 6056 kgha-1 and 5109 Kgha-1 and the grand mean of grain yield were 6006 kgha-1 and 4667 kgha-1 under well-watered and terminal drought stress conditions، respectively. The highest grain yield was obtained from line No. 9 with 6376 kgha-1 under optimum condition. None of genotypes yielded more grain than Chamran cultivar under terminal drought stress. Except in a few instances، there were no similar genotypes grouping based on susceptibility and tolerance criteria used in this research. Modified stress tolerance (MSTI) and yield index (YI) efficiently distinguished better the genotypes. According to the results of this study lines No. 4، 9 and 12 with 6337، 6376 and 6242 kgha-1 grain yield under optimum condition and with 4730، 4781 and 4785 kgha-1 grain yield under terminal drought stress showed higher drought tolerance than the other genotypes. Considering the stress intensity (SI = 0. 22) of this study، it seems that high yielding genotypes selected under optimum condition، will also produce higher grain yield under terminal drought stress condition.