In order to study effect of seed priming and transplantation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet, an experiment was conducted on a farm land in Naghadeh-Western Azerbaijan at 2018 growing season. The experiment design was split plot based on randomized complete block with four replications. Type of planting method (direct and transplant system) assigned to main plots, and priming (salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, hydroperiming and control (non-priming) assigned to sub plots. The results showed that the effect of planting system was significant on the amount of root sodium, alkalinity, sugar content, coefficient of sugar extraction, shoot dry weight, white sugar yield and molasses sugar content. The effect of priming on all studied traits was significant. Interaction of two treatments was also significant on root potassium, sugar content, white sugar content, sugar extraction coefficient, shoot dry weight, root yield, white sugar yield and molasses sugar content. In this study, the lowest root sodium content (3.02 ppm), root alkalinity (3.09%) were assigned to transplanting system, also the highest chlorophyll index (36.17%) and the least nitrogen (1.92%), alkalinity percentage was recorded for  Hydro priming treatment (3.24%).The results showed that the highest sugar content  (18.17%), white sugar content (16.14%), sugar extraction (88.96%), shoot dry weight (3.64 kg / ha), root yield ( 82.17t/h), sugar yield (14.89 t/ha) and pure sugar yield (12.24%) and lowest root potassium content (2.52 ppm) were allocated to transplanting system with hydropriming treatment.

In order to study effect of seed priming and transplantation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet, an experiment was conducted on a farm land in Naghadeh-Western Azerbaijan at 2018 growing season. The experiment design was split plot based on randomized complete block with four replications. Type of planting method (direct and transplant system) assigned to main plots, and priming (salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, hydroperiming and control (non-priming) assigned to sub plots. The results showed that the effect of planting system was significant on the amount of root sodium, alkalinity, sugar content, coefficient of sugar extraction, shoot dry weight, white sugar yield and molasses sugar content. The effect of priming on all studied traits was significant. Interaction of two treatments was also significant on root potassium, sugar content, white sugar content, sugar extraction coefficient, shoot dry weight, root yield, white sugar yield and molasses sugar content. In this study, the lowest root sodium content (3.02 ppm), root alkalinity (3.09%) were assigned to transplanting system, also the highest chlorophyll index (36.17%) and the least nitrogen (1.92%), alkalinity percentage was recorded for  Hydro priming treatment (3.24%).The results showed that the highest sugar content  (18.17%), white sugar content (16.14%), sugar extraction (88.96%), shoot dry weight (3.64 kg / ha), root yield ( 82.17t/h), sugar yield (14.89 t/ha) and pure sugar yield (12.24%) and lowest root potassium content (2.52 ppm) were allocated to transplanting system with hydropriming treatment.

The effects of transplanting and direct-seeding on agronomic traits and white sugar yield of sugar beet were studied in a split-plot experiment based on randomize complete blocks with three replications two regions of Miandoab and Bokan in 2016.  Treatments were three planting date (25 March, 8 and 18 April) and two planting systems (transplanting and direct-seeding .(Planting systems were assigned in the main plot and planting date in the subplots. The difference between direct and transplanting systems in terms of leaf area index, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield, white sugar yield and molasses sugar percentage were significant at 1% and sugar content and sugar yield at the 5% probability levels. The effect of sowing time on leaf area index, dry matter yield, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield, white sugar yield and sugar content of molasses were significant at 1%, and sugar content and sugar yield at 5% probability levels. The interaction effect of sowing time and planting system was significant on leaf area index, dry matter yield, sugar extraction coefficient, and root yield, white sugar yield at 1% and on sugar content at 5% probability levels. The transplanting system reduced the amount of molasses sugar by 32.41% compared to the direct planting system and the lowest percentages of molasses sugar were attributed to 25th of March planting date.  In the present study the highest leaf area index, dry matter yield, and sugar content, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield, and white sugar yield were allocated to the 25th of March planting date and transplanting system.

To evaluate the effect of artificial defoliation intensity at different growth stages on the root yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) a field experiment was carried out at Miyandoab Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Field Station in 2007 growing season. Experimental treatments were arranged as factorial (4×5) in RCBD with three replications. Defoliation were practice at four growth stages (S) of sugar beetincluding: plant establishment to 10% ground cover (S1), from 10 up to 70% ground cover (S2), from the S2 to root maturity (S3), and from the S3 to harvest time (S4). Five levels of defoliation intensities (I) were: blade removal up to 25% (I1), 50% (I2), 75% (I3), 100% (I4) and no defoliation as check (I5). At final harvest, sugar beet roots were harvested and root yield, sugar content, white sugar content, white sugar yield and extraction coefficient of sugar were determined. Results showed that the main effect of growth stage was significant on quality traits of sugar beet such as sugar content, white sugar content and sugar extraction coefficient, however, its effect on agronomic traits such as root yield was not significant. However, different levels of defoliation affected both quality and quantitative traits of sugar beet. At the 100% defoliation level, root yield reduced by 36% as compared to no defoliation (47.49 t.ha-1). In the meantime the least root yield (23.90 t.ha-1) was recorded at S2 with 100% defoliation (S2I4). The interactions between defoliation intensity × growth stages were significant (P<0.01) for sugar content and white sugar content. At the 25% defoliation (I1) at final growth stage(S4), sugar content decreased by 4.65 units whic was 22% of no defoliation (sugar content of 21.50%). In conclusion, any defoliation during the growing season may increase sugar losses in the sugar factory.

Today, one of the practical ways to improve the quantity and quality of sugar beet is to use micronutrients in appropriate proportions and in the form of foliar application. For this purpose, 14 micronutrient fertilizer treatments in four replications were applied on Latatia cultivar in a randomized complete block design in Roshtkhar and Zaveh cities of Khorasan Razavi in 2017. Results showed that fertilizer treatments had a significant (P<0.01) effect on sugar yield, white sugar yield, extraction coefficient of sugar, and sugar content in Roshtkhar field. However, the effect of fertilizer treatment on potassium (P<0.01), molasses sugar percentage (P<0.01), and extraction coefficient of sugar (P<0.05) were also significant in Zaveh field. The highest white sugar yield obtained in Roshtkhar and Zaveh fields was 8.5 (in fertilizer No. 1) and 7.61 t ha-1 (in fertilizer No. 3), respectively. The highest root yield (51.47 tha-1) and the lowest sugar content (18.29%) were obtained in fertilizer treatment No. 1 in Roshtkhar field. In Roshtkhar and Zaveh fields, fertilizer composition number 7 (19.16 %) and number 8 (20.01 %) were resulted in the highest sugar content, respectively. Studies showed that the most effective elements in increasing sugar yield and white sugar yield are molybdenum, boron and manganese and the most effective elements in increasing sugar content, white sugar content, extraction coefficient of sugar, and molasses sugar content are iron, zinc, manganese and magnesium. The most effective elements for extraction coefficient of sugar are magnesium, copper and molybdenum. The general conclusion of this study is that the combination of micro- and macronutrient elements containing less nitrogen had positive and significant effect on production quality and sugar efficiency and the proper combination of iron, manganese, zinc, magnesium and molybdenum with macro elements containing less boron and chlorine percentage have the greatest effect on increasing extraction coefficient of sugar, white sugar yield, and root yield.

In order to identification of effective traits on root yield and also determination of cause-and-effect relationships between in 20 different sugar beet cultivars, an experiment was carried out in West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Miandoab Research Station based on RCB design with four replications in 2017 crop season. The assayed traits included root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield, sugar content, white sugar content, extraction coefficient of sugar, root α-amino nitrogen, sodium and potassium, alkalinity coefficient and molasses sugar. The results of analysis of variance showed that difference between studied cultivars for amino nitrogen (α-N) all traits was significant at the 0.05 probability level and for other traits was significant at the 0.01 probability level. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for most traits were high, indicating relatively high variability in studied cultivars for evaluated traits. Correlation coefficients between traits showed that there is the most negative and significant correlation between root yield trait with sugar content (-0.62), white sugar content (-0.53), alkalinity coefficient (-0.52), potassium (-0.49), sodium (-0.45) and also molasses sugar content (-049) traits, and the most positive and significant correlation with sugar yield (0.95), white sugar yield (0.90) and extraction coefficient of sugar (0.58) traits, respectively. In multiple regression analysis by stepwise method, sugar content and white sugar content, amino nitrogen and alkalinity coefficient traits were entered into model, respectively, that explained 82 percent of root yield variations. Based on correlation, stepwise regression and path analysis results, among the studied traits, amino nitrogen (0.35) and white sugar content
(-0.31) traits with most direct effect were effective on root yield and will be useful in identifying genotypes.