Nowadays, using aluminum alloys in construction of transportation vehicles to lighten final product weight and reduce fuel consumption has increased. To increases the formability of aluminum alloys and due to formability problems of these alloys in room temperature using of warm forming process is necessary. One of the forming processes at elevated temperatures is warm hydrodynamic deep drawing assisted by radial pressure. In the paper, after investigating the effect of Geometric Parameters and temperature (isothermal and non-isothermal) on thickness distribution and punch force, the effect of different parameters (temperature, media pressure and forming speed) on the limit drawing ratio was investigated. The result show that in the non-isothermal conditions, with increase in temperature, the maximum thickness reduction remained unchanged but the punch force was decreased. Additionally, the limit drawing ratio was increased with increasing temperature in the non-isothermal conditions, media pressure and forming speed and with decreasing temperature in the isothermal conditions. In this study maximum LDR is 2.52, in non-isothermal warming condition and temperature of 250c.

At present, global circulation models are only instrument that simulates global climate change effects for atmospheric elements in large spatial networks. Most famous of these models is SDSM. In this study, using mean data, minimum and maximum daily temperatures of Omidieh and Dezful stations in Khuzestan province were compared with SDSM software until 2099. Results obtained from data of Omidieh include annual observation data of mean temperature of 17.393 and annualized model data average of 15.255, annual observation data of maximum temperature of 35.400 and annualized model data maximum temperature of 45.700, annual observation data of minimum temperature is -2.400 and annualized model is minimum temperature of -6.400, annual standard deviation is 0.098 and annual standard deviation is 1.819 and annual standard deviation of minimum temperature is 0.917. Results obtained from data of Dezful city included annual observational data of 15.300 and average annual data of average temperature of 14.442, annual observation data of maximum temperature of 40.000 and annualized model data, maximum temperature of 39.350, annual observation data of minimum temperature is -13.000, and nnualized model is minimum temperature of -9.850, annual standard deviation is 0.091 and annual standard deviation is 1.459 and annual standard deviation of minimum temperature is 1.682. The simulation of temperature index with HadCM3A2 and B2 models by 2099 was carried out for two stations. The results showed that station's height factor is directly related to model error.

Introduction: Drying is one of the important stages after harvesting of plants and agricultural products, which plays an important role in the quantity and quality of the active ingredients. The purpose of drying is to reduce water to a certain level for low and stop the microbial activity. Therefore, in laboratories the effects of different levels of temperature and time are investigated on different plant properties during drying operations with laboratory dryers and ovens. It can be said that the principled and thorough drying of medicinal plants is necessary in order to reduce moisture, increase the shelf-life and increase the quantity and quality of the active ingredients.
Today, many control algorithms are used to control temperature, which is much more efficient than the on-off. Fuzzy control is suitable for fast control and high accuracy of proper nonlinear processes. Likewise, the type of ventilation and the placement of thermal elements are also very influential on the heating system and the temperature of the chamber. Today as foreign companies, in addition to focusing on the type of control system and intelligence ovens, many studies have been done on how the element is placed, on its type, the shape of the fan, its type, and the design of the air channels. Materials and Methods: The dryer was designed with software Solid Works and constructed in manufacturing workshop of the Bio-System Mechanics Engineering Department of the Natural Resources and the Agricultural Sciences University of Gorgan, Iran. The device has a fuzzy control system, a ventilation, and fan system. The built-in dryer has two mechanical and electrical parts. This dryer has an external chamber with dimensions of 74 × 50 × 60 cm and internal chamber dimensions of 40 × 35 × 50 cm. The device was insulated with thermal spray foam. The electronic circuit was designed using Proteus simulation software and implemented on the board. The main piece of information processing and controlling the algorithm in the dryer control system is the microcontroller. The microcontroller programming was written by C software and transmitted to the microcontroller with the Code Vision software. The tests were performed at three levels of 60, 80, 90 °C. The programmability of the device was also evaluated simultaneously for four different temperatures and times. The device was evaluated at 4 levels of 90, 70, 50 and 30 °C and four levels of the time were done respectively 10, 10, 10, and 20 min. Also, in the process of increasing temperature, the temperatures of 40, 60, 80 and 90 °C respectively were tested. Also, the stability function and the time to reach the temperature were compared with two samples of the laboratory dryer (oven) imported Memmert and Bender models which had a fuzzy control system and a ventilation system and a built-in oven model in the interior. Results and Discussion: Because exactly as wasted, the temperature of the chamber walls is applied to the chamber, the device is capable of maintaining the temperature of the chamber at the set point. The result of the evaluation in the energy waste from the wall of the device showed that after about 200 min, the temperature of the internal chamber (which was at 80 ° C) was equal to the outside temperature of the chamber. The results showed that during temperature stability, the difference in temperature between different points of the compartment (places where laboratory samples are placed) is less than ±0.5. The programmability of the device was evaluated at 4 levels of 90, 70, 50 and 30 °C; after reaching the temperature of 90 °C, and at the end of the scheduled time, the temperature is reduced to a minimum, reaching the next temperature. Reducing the temperature for other temperatures was also done according to the program. The results of the programmability of the device were shown in the incremental step of the temperature; in the incremental process, as the temperature decreases, the temperature difference between the points is very small and reaches the temperature stability as soon as it reaches the regulated temperature. The control system used can properly maintain the temperature in a stable state. The results of the comparison of the performance of the dryer control system made with other experimental dryers at a temperature of 80 ° C showed that the dryer was able to stabilize the inside of the compartment at the desired point, in comparison with other ovens. The built-in dryer function is compatible with the Memmert UFE500 and the Binder FE53 ovens. Due to the cost of the device, its use will be very useful for conducting research in research centers. Conclusion: The fuzzy control system used in the dryer was able to properly control the temperature of the chamber according to the program. The control system of the device was able to control the temperature of the chamber at a regulated point with a minimum temperature variation (less than half a °C). The built-in dryer was able to reduce and increase the temperature step by step in a given temperature range according to the given program. The performance of the dryer, compared with other ovens, showed that it could match the best of imported ovens.

Climate change is a general term that describes climatic discontinuity and rupture. In order to study temperature changes in Hamadan, temperature fluctuations in a statistical period of fifty years (1952-2002) have been investigated. According to a survey conducted in 1973, a sudden drop in the minimum, and a sudden rise in the maximum, temperature were observed. According to the Mann Kendall test, there are significant changes in the three parameters of minimum, maximum and average temperature, including the decreasing trend observed in 1962, and this negative trend continued until 1992, and this year thereafter, an increasing trend of temperature can be observed. It should be noted that the maximum spring temperature is an exception, since in the year 1992 it is the beginning of cooling season. On the minimum temperature chart, the falling trend starts from 1957 and continues until 1974. The result is that the year 1992 is the beginning of a period of increasing temperature and climate change in Hamedan, and the temperature rise is 0.55 degrees averagely, 0.79 ° C at minimum temperature and 0.3 ° C at maximum temperature.

Throttling process through expansion valves causes a considerable amount of exergy loss so that reducing this loss improves the performance of compressed refrigeration cycle considerably. In the present work، the effect of using an ejector on the performance of a cascade refrigeration cycle is evaluated. It is concluded that the using ejector and selecting R134a as the high temperature circuit refrigerant cause the COP and second law efficiency to increase by approximately 6. 5 percent as compared to the conventional cascade cycle with the same cooling capacity. In addition، several refrigerants including R717، R290، R134a، and R123 are examined to reveal the effect of refrigerant type in the high temperature circuit on the cycle performance. It is also found that، at a temperature of more than 255. 4 K، for the evaporator of high temperature circuit، the refrigerant combination of R744-R123 results in a better performance as compared to the other combinations. Finally، the cycle performance is optimized with respect to the temperatures of low temperature evaporator، high temperature evaporator، and the ambient from the view points of both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It is concluded that the COP and the second law efficiency are the highest when R123 is used as the refrigerant at the high temperature circuit.

Accurate spatial estimation of Precipitation and temperature is very important in hydrological models. Despite the development of automatic meteorological stations in recent years, obtaining reliable climate data in data-deficient areas is still a big challenge. Spatial estimation of climatic data is mainly done by geostatistical methods and satellite images. Nowadays, satellite products are widely accepted in the preparation of climatic maps. These products use satellite images to estimate temperature and rainfall data in points without data, and usually the provided data is accompanied by errors and needs to be recalibrated. It seems that the combination of covariates and satellite products can be effective in increasing the accuracy of climatic maps, especially in areas with complex topography such as Mazandaran province.

In this research, the accuracy of temperature and rainfall products of TRMM satellite was evaluated in Mazandaran province and the possibility of combining them with land features of latitude, longitude and elevation in the form of regression model was investigated. In this regard, the monthly rainfall data of 21 meteorological stations and 48 monthly and 4 annual images of TRMM products in 2014 and 2017 were used. The evaluation indicators are root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute percent error (MAPE). Also, the annual temperature and rainfall maps of the province were drawn by satellite products and modified method.

The results showed that the TRMM products have a huge bias error, so that the amount of annual rainfall bias in some years reaches more than 180 mm per year. About the temperature products the underestimation error is more than 2 Celsius degrees. The correlation coefficients of land features and temperature and precipitation data in most of the months provided acceptable results and were significant in 95% confidence level. In general, the relationship between monthly temperature and, latitude and TRMM products was significantly positive in all the investigated months. in the case of altitude, the relationship was negative and strong. But the relationship between temperature and longitude was a little weaker than other covariates. Regarding the precipitation variable, satellite products have a positive and significant relationship in all the investigated months, and the altitude has a negative effect on precipitation data except in the spring months, but the latitude has a positive relationship in the cold months and in the warm months has almost a negative relationship, and no specific seasonal trend was found in the case of longitude. Also, the correlation coefficients of TRMM products with temperature and precipitation data was significant in 100 and 77% of the months, respectively. Investigating the possibility of combining the TRMM products with the latitude, longitude and altitude in a form of regression equation to estimate temperature and precipitation data showed that the hybrid method increased the accuracy of satellite productions, impressively and the error of rainfall and temperature products reduced by about 30% and 70%, respectively. But as expected, the spatial estimation error of precipitation data was higher than temperature in all investigated months. The annual rainfall maps of Mazandaran for the years 2014 and 2017 shows the higher accuracy of the hybrid methods compared to satellite products. So that it shows well the rainy area of the west coastline and also depicts the meridional and altitudinal gradients of precipitation in the Mazandaran province as well. Examining the annual isothermal maps showed that the drawn map with the correction method has a significant difference with the temperature product of the TRMM satellite and has well highlighted the ring of cold areas of Alborz Mountain range and the foothills of Damavand and Alam-Kouh peaks. Also, the modified map has correctly distinguished the temperate coasts of the southern Caspian Sea from the Middle Band and Upper Band regions. In addition, the higher temperature of eastern half of Mazandaran compared to the western half has shown well.

The results of the present research showed that the TRMM temperature and rainfall products alone do not have proper accuracy in the spatial estimation of climate data and have a large bias error, but their combination as a covariate, along with Longitude, latitude and altitude in a regression equation, improved the accuracy of temperature and rainfall maps, and can be used as a new post-processing method in modification of satellite products.

There is a little information about the effects of temperature and water potential on germination of medicinal pumpkin, black cumin and borago. The factors include 9 levels of temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45oC) and 6 levels of water potentials. Results showed that temperature and water potential have significant effect on germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR). GP and GR decresed in three plants with decresing in water potential in all temperatures. Also, GP and GR increased with temperature increasing up to optimum temperature and decreased after it. Sensitivity of GR to temperature and water potential was more than GP. Also, sensitivity of GP and GR to water potential was more than temperature. Sensivity of black cumin germination to temperature and water potential was more than borago, and this was more than medicinal pumpkin germination.

In this paper, the pressure and temperature distributions over the ramp of an Aerospike nozzle in different pressure ratios are presented. Governing equations of the turbulent flow have been solved using the finite volume method and different turbulence models. By comparing the obtained results with available experimental data, SST k-ω model has been selected for numerical simulations. In this study, the length of the recirculation zone, the temperature, and pressure variations within the recirculation zone and locations of the separation and reattachment points have been investigated in detail. Results show that the increase in the pressure ratio can move separation, reattachment points, and recirculation zone to downstream of the flow and also increase the length of the recirculation zone simultaneously. The maximum and minimum temperatures did not change but the maximum and minimum pressures reduced. Also, the results show that the reattachment point has the maximum temperature of the flow and this maximum temperature point can be adopted as the reattachment point.

The IPCC states that the climate is changing. Since rainfed agricultural crop yield is influenced by climatic factors, climate variables and a changing climate can affect yield and yield risk. The aim of this study is to identify the impact of climate variables and change on crop yield and the yield risk of wheat and barley in West Azerbaijan Province.
To this end, the stochastic yield function of Just and Pope was used with panel data for the period of 1383-94 for five counties in West Azarbaijan. These counties are the largest producers of these two crops in the province. To estimate the econometric models of crop yield and yield risk functions, linear, quadratic, Cobb-Douglas, transcendental and translog functional forms were used.
Results show that precipitation and average temperature have a positive effect and wind speed has a negative impact on crop yield. Maximum and minimum temperature also have different effects. Minimum temperature has a negative effect on barley yield but a positive effect on wheat yield. Whereas the effect of maximum temperature is negative for wheat but positive for barley. Additionally, average temperature has a negative effect on the yield risk of both crops and is risk-decreasing. Precipitation and average maximum temperature have a negative effect and average minimum temperature has a positive effect on the yield risk of barley. Variables that have positive effects on the yield risk of wheat are average maximum temperature and wind speed and they are risk-increasing. Average humidity during the growth season has a negative effect on the yield risk of wheat. Elasticities of the variables with regard to crop yield and yield risk of the crops has been calculated. Results of the calculation of the elasticities of precipitation, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and wind speed with regard to yield of wheat equal 0.23, 1.75, 0.16, -1.56, and -0.16, and with regard to barley 0.52, 0.82, -0.47, 1.04 and -2.15, respectively. Average temperature has the highest positive effect on wheat yield and wind speed has the lowest negative effect on barley yield. Also, results of the calculation of elasticities of average temperature, maximum temperature, humidity and wind speed with regard to yield risk of wheat are -53.27, 66.63, -10.30 and 6.32. With regard to barley, elasticities of precipitation, maximum temperature, average temperature and minimum temperature are -2.24, -4.89, -20.48 and 34.92. Increasing maximum and minimum temperature have the highest positive impact on yield risk of barley and average temperature has the lowest negative impact.
As the results show, climate variables have an impact on crop yield and yield risk of rainfed wheat and barley in West Azarbaijan. Average temperature and precipitation have a positive impact and wind speed has a negative impact on the yield of rainfed wheat and barley. Average temperature also has a negative impact on the yield risk of both crops. The effect of precipitation on the yield risk of wheat is non-significant but has a negative impact on the yield risk of barley. Wind speed has a positive impact on the yield risk of wheat but its effect is non-significant on the yield risk of barley. In addition, results show that the impact of climate factors on crop yield and the yield risk of rainfed wheat and barley in West Azarbaijan are nonlinear and these factors do not affect crop yield and yield risk independently. The interaction of these factors, however, will affect crop yield and yield risk.

The equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) is generally dependent on the accumulation of snow which is influenced by the regional distribution of snow precipitation and local redistribution of snow by wind. Due to the effect of wind-blown snow on ELAs, the terms temperature-precipitation equilibrium-line altitude (TP-ELA) and temperature-precipitation wind equilibrium-line altitude (TPW-ELA) is introduced to distinguish between glacier ELAs reflecting the general winter precipitation and ablation season temperature in a region and glacier ELAs that are influenced by either snow deflation or accumulation (such as on cirque glaciers). In this study the TP-ELA in presently glaciated (Zardkuh and Oshtorankuh) and non-glaciated (Dena, Garein and Shahoo) areas is calculated. The altitude of small glaciers is also used to estimate the TPW-ELA. Based on this approach, regional climatic TP-ELA in Zardkuh, Oshtorankuh, Garein, Shahoo and Dena mountains is between 4400 to 4500 m a.s.l.(above main summits of the Zagros Mountains) TPW-ELA is around 3850 m a.s.l. in Zardkuh and Oshtorankuh Mountains which is 650 m lower than the regional TP-ELA. The present small glaciers in Zardkuh and Oshtorankuh are the result of leeward accumulation of wind-blown snow on small glacial cirques.