In today's complex world, the financial system plays an important role in the stability, economic growth and development of countries. Financial repression is a set of formal policies, laws and regulations and informal controls imposed by governments on the financial sector that deviates the financial sector prices (interest rates and exchange rates) from its equilibrium values, and it prevents financial institutions from operating at their maximum capacity. Financial repression directly and indirectly affects the activities of banks. First, financial repression has reduced the deposits of economic agents in banks and has a negative effect on banks' incomes by reducing banks' lending capacity; Second, as capital accumulation decreases, and consequently, economic growth reduction, banks' income from lending facilities will decrease. In this survey, the impact of financial repression on the profitability of banks in Iran during the period 2011-2017 is investigated using Generalized Method of Moments-System (GMM-SYS). The results show that financial repression adversely affects banks' profit margin. So that, banks' profit margin is reduced to 0.02 units by increasing one indicator unit for financial repression. The results show that financial repression reduces the grant power of banks' facilities, by reducing the deposit of economic agents. As a result, it indirectly reduces banks' income from granting facilities.

To explain the estimation of conservatism as a limiting covenant in accounting, the current paper discussed Basu (1997) conservatism model and Nichols (2010) generalized conservatism model and examined the problems about these models  as regards the validity and generalizability of the results of the research on this topic .Accordingly, the discussed problems were explained and the solutions for solving these problems and upgrading the model to estimate conservatism were presented. The data from 2006 to 2016 on 87 corporations were used to carry out the investigations. Also, in addition to the static routine estimator, the dynamic panel estimator (the GMM-sys method) was used to test and estimate the models. The current research results revealed that the new modified conservatism estimation  model yielded more appropriate results than the original Basu model and Nichols generalized model. Moreover, it indicated that the dynamic method of model estimation is more suitable than the static one. Finally, the current research showed that the results of the previous research conducted using Basu model to measure conservatism should be considered more cautiously and their application in the capital markets calls for re-examination

The main objective of this paper is to analysis the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on energy consumption in the MENA region selected countries during the period 1995-2011. For this purpose, used the model presented by Sadorsky (2012) and three indicators that measured ICT: the number of Internet users, the number of mobile lines and the number of telephone lines. Also, estimated and analyzed the short run and long run elasticities between the variables of the model using a system generalized method of moments (GMM-SYS). The results show that the development of ICT with each three measured indices, increased energy consumption per capita in MENA region selected countries in the short run and long run. So that a one percent increases in this indicator, average of energy consumption increases in the short run and long run respectively 0.007 and 0.089 percent.

The total impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on energy consumption is unclear. In this regard the main objective of this paper is to analysis and comparative the impact of ICT Development Index (IDI) on energy consumption in the developing and developed selected countries during the period 2007-2013.
For this purpose, the short run and long run elasticities between the variables of the model estimated and analyzed using a system generalized method of moments (GMM-SYS).
The results show that a one percent expansion of ICT, in the short and long term, respectively, increased the energy consumption per capita in developing selected countries amount 0.01 and 0.12 percent and reduced the energy consumption per capita in developed selected countries amount 0.03 and 0.09 percent.
Development of ICT, increased the energy consumption in developing countries and reduced the energy consumption in developed countries.

The tourism industry, as one of the most profitable industries in the world, can play an important role in the economic growth of countries. . It includes services that have a great impact on economic and social activities. In this regard, despite the common belief of foreign exchange regimes as one of the most important factors that affect the flow of tourism, there has been little research on the effect of foreign exchange regimes on tourism flow. Recent developments in the categorization of exchange rate regimes have been stimulated to study the effects of foreign exchange regimes on international tourism flow. This study utilizes the Systematic Generalized Systemic Method of Moments Technique (GMM-SYS) and panel data for estimating the number of tourists entering Middle Eastern countries (16 countries) over the period of 1999 to 2013. The results show that the fixed exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on the tourism trend and maintaining the stability of the exchange rate is highly important to attract international tourists. Also, trade, distance, population, having a common language, the establishment of a trade union between the member states and the colony have a positive effect on the flow of tourism. And the effective exchange rate variable, hijab coverage and compulsory coverage have a negative effect on the flow of tourism.

This paper considers the causes of the differences in economic growth by the interactive effect of institutional quality and the development of the banking sector. For this purpose, 24 upper middle-income countries were selected and their financial development and institutional quality for the period 1996 to 2015 were derived. The weighted average of three financial development indexes was calculated by the principal component analysis method. Then, GMM-Sys estimator, in the form of conditional convergence model, was used to calculate the interactive effect of institutional quality and financial development on economic growth. The results show that financial development has a negative effect on economic growth in selected countries, but the interactive effect of institutional quality and financial development decreases this negative effect; as institutional quality along with its positive effect on economic growth, reduces the negative impact of the banking sector development. Also, in oil exporting countries, the institutional quality has lower effect on economic growth; and financial development has more unfavorable impact on economic growth. Finally, to make a positive impact of financial development on economic growth, an effectiveness threshold of institutional quality is calculated.

the main purpose of this study was to investigate the endogenous interaction between entrepreneurship, economic growth, and employment in selected 30 emerging countries by means of Panel Vector Autoregressive Method (PVAR) and System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) from 2009-2019. The empirical results show that, firstly, entrepreneurship with a rest period has a significant positive impact on employment. Secondly, economic growth leads to an increase in employment, but with a delay, and vice versa. Thirdly, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between entrepreneurial activity and employment, which suggests a dynamic interaction between entrepreneurship and employment. However, the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth (and vice versa) was not significant in the countries studied. This result is due to impact of different macroeconomic environments in emerging economies. In addition, the number of small-scale, informal, self-employed, and often non-productive entrepreneurs is greater than the number of productive entrepreneurs in these countries.

In this study, the hypothesis of per capita income convergence between the provinces of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the period 2000-2018 has been tested. The convergence hypothesis has been tested in several Persian articles, even at the provincial level. But the present study differs from previous studies in two ways. First, the use of real GDP per capita without oil data as a measure of per capita income that will eliminate the bias caused by alternative variables. Second, all previous studies have used cross-sectional data estimators to estimate the beta convergence equation, the results of which will be biased. However, in this research, the dynamic spatial panel data model and the SYS-GMM estimator have been used, which will eliminate this bias. Also, two types of matrices were used to study the spatial interactions between the provinces.The results show that, the slope of the absolute beta convergence model is negative and the hypothesis of absolute convergence is not rejected and the rate of this conditional convergence between the provinces of the country is equal to 10.5%. That is, regional inequality is declining during this period. In addition, the results show that the hypothesis of per capita income convergence is not rejected and the hypothesis of spillover effects due to spatial interactions between the provinces of the country is confirmed. Both effects of neighborhood overflow and migration are statistically significant, but the effects of migration overflow have a greater effect than the effects of overflow due to neighborhoods in the provinces. Sensitivity analysis from the three perspectives of changing the spatial interaction matrix, changing the alternative variable of real per capita income and changing the estimator shows the stability of the results and the lack of seriousness of the small sample bias for the SYS-GMM estimator.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of social capital on banking stability in Iran. For this purpose, a sample of 18 public and private Iranian banks is selected over the period 2007-2017, and the System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM) is used to estimate the research model. The social capital index is proxied by the ratio of the bounced checks to the total traded checks. The results indicate a significant positive impact of social capital on bank stability. Moreover, the ratio of capital to asset and GDP per capita are positively associated with bank stability, but the non-performing loans have negative effects on bank stability.