Copper is one of the main micronutrients in the human body. Malfunction in copper homeostasis results in Menkes syndrome and Wilson’s disease, which are associated with complications such as seizure and impairments in learning and memory. Use of high copper concentrations can cause permanent damage to the cells and neurons. The aim of this study was to examine the toxic effects of orally administered copper sulfate on rats’ learning in Morris water maze. In this experimental study, 39 Wistar rats were divided into male (n=21) and female (n=18) groups. These two groups were each randomly divided into three sub-groups. The control group received distilled water, while the other two groups were administrated 1 and 1.5 mM of copper sulfate, dissolved in distilled water for a period of one month. After this period, the Morris water maze was incorporated to evaluate the spatial memory of rats. In male rats, copper sulfate, which was added to drinking water, made no significant changes in the distance traveled to find the platform (24.09%±3.01 in the control group, 26.06%±2.95 in the 1 mm copper sulfate group, and 25.68%±1.82 in the 1.5 mM copper sulfate group), the time spent to find the platform (23.93±2.87 in the control group, 25.54±3.47 in the 1 mM copper sulfate group, and 25.33±1.92 in the 1.5 mM copper sulfate group), or the swimming speed. The comparison of female groups showed that 1 and 1.5 mM concentrations of copper sulfate could not cause any significant impairments in learning of rats. The results showed that the addition of copper sulfate to drinking water have no detrimental impacts on the memory or learning of male and female rats.

An investigation was performed in a commercial orchard in Shiraz to study the effect of time of application of CuSO4 and streptomycin on quality and seedlessness of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Siyah-e-Shiraz’). The experiment was Conducted as Completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Plants were treated with 25 mgl-1 CuSo4. 5H2o and 200mgl-1 streptomycin 2,4 and 6 days before full blooming. 50 mgl-1 GA3 was applied 10 days after full blooming. Results indicated that both CuSO4 and streptomycin increased parthenocarpy compared with untreated control. Streptomycin and CuSO4 6 days before full blooming plus GA3 produced the highest rate of seedlessness (84%). Both CuSO4 and streptomycin reduced the number of seeds, cluster weight, berry weight, length and diameter of the berries compared with untreated controls. GA3 increased weight of seedless berries, vitamin C and total acid contents unsignificantly.

Metal salts such as copper not only cause a variety of colors in dyeing, but also improve wash and light fastnesses of direct dyes. Copper sulfate and copper nano-particles are used as disinfectant against fungal and bacterial infections. In this paper, cotton fabric was dyed with direct dye, then copper sulfate and copper nano-particles were used on dyed fabrics. The color characteristics of the samples, light and wash fastnesses were measured. Atomic absorption analysis was taken to measure the amount of copper ions, and antibacterial test was carried out for antibacterial properties of nano-copper and copper sulfate impregnated samples. Nano-copper resulted neighboring properties to copper sulfate in lower concentrations. So that a concentration of 1% copper sulfate showed close results to concentration 0.0001 % of the copper nano particles. The results showed that at higher concentrations up to 1% copper sulfate and 0.0001 % for nano copper, color yield was constant and wash-fastness was reduced. Light fastness indicated reducing color yield after exposure to light. However, at higher concentrations, better light fastness was observed that appear with increasing concentration, light fastness will be improved.

 Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual and herbaceous plant of the family of Lamiaceae. It is used as an antispasmodic, appetizer, carminative, diuretic, lactation aid, and sedative in traditional medicine. In general, basil is rich in phenols and flavonoids. Organic and chemical fertilizers are necessary for each other and both types of fertilizers are needed to create favorable conditions to improve biochemical traits. Overuse of chemical fertilizers has caused several problems in agriculture including changes in the soil structure, contamination of underground waters, and heavy metal toxicity. Agricultural scientists suggest replacing chemical fertilizers with organic products to reduce negative effects on environment and soil properties. In recent years, neglecting the importance of organic matters to improve soil fertility has led to an increase in chemical fertilizer use in Iran. Organic matters due to their positive effects on soil are identified as one of the important pillars of soil productivity. However, more than 60 percent of agricultural soils in Iran contain less than one percent of organic matter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of vermicompost and copper sulfate on biochemical parameters and the antioxidant activity of basil.

 To investigate the effect of vermicompost and copper sulfate on the biochemical characteristics of Basil's medicinal plant, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with a field experiment at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand. The factors included vermicompost in three levels (0, 5, and 10 t.ha-1) and copper sulfate in three levels (0, 3, and 6 per thousand) with three replications. After applying the treatments and after the plants entered the flowering stage, ten plants from each plot were randomly selected taking into account the marginal effects and then samples of the developed leaves of 10 plants were randomly prepared and the biochemical traits of basil were measured. Measured traits included photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, total sugar, and biological function. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS statistical software.

 The results of the mean comparison showed that vermicompost had a significant effect on chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin, flavonoids, sugar, and biological function of basil so that the highest amount of flavonoids (3.26 mg.g-1) with the application of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost and the lowest Its amount (2.65 mg.g-1) was obtained from the control. Treatment of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost increased plant sugar by 37.05% compared to the control. Copper sulfate also affected chlorophyll a and total, antioxidant activity, phenol, anthocyanin content, sugar, and biological function, so that the highest activity of phenol and sugar (15.29 and 12.99 mg.g-1, respectively) of the treatment of 3 per thousand Copper sulfate and its lowest levels (10.98 and 9.19 mg.g-1, respectively) were obtained from the control. The results of interactions also showed the highest levels of chlorophyll a (1.62 mg.g-1), chlorophyll b (2.57 mg.g-1), total chlorophyll (4.19 mg.g-1), antioxidant activity (92.57%), and anthocyanins (3.03 mg.g-1) was obtained by applying 10 tons per hectare of vermicompost and 3 per thousand of copper sulfate. Furthermore, the highest increase in biological function (20968.3 kg.ha-1) with the application of 5 t.ha-1 of vermicompost and 6 per thousand copper and the lowest (16596.7 kg.ha-1) was related to the control.

 In general, the results indicated a positive effect of vermicompost and copper sulfate on Basil's biochemical characteristics. Therefore, vermicompost (10 t.ha-1) of and copper sulfate (3 per thousand) treatments can be suggested as a suitable treatment. From the present study, it can be concluded that the combined application of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers has a useful and effective role in improving photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, anthocyanins, and the biological function of basil. In the discussion of basil production as a medicinal and vegetable plant, the best results in terms of crop production were related to the combined treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers, because these treatments have increased the production relative to organic treatments alone.

Existence of copper sulfate in water and soil could leads to decreasing of germination and seedling establishment and also reduction in growth and crop productivity. A factorial experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in agriculture faculty of Yasouj University. Experimental factors were included different concentrations of copper sulfate (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg per liter) and different cultivars of wheat (Arg, Bahar, Back cross roshan and Roshan), respectively. The results indicated that the most length vigor (23.88), weight vigor (18.54) and dry weight of seedlling (18.54) were obtained from Roshan cultivar in 0 concentration of copper sulfate. Also the highest slouble sugars content (1.49 µmol/g) was achieved from Back cross roshan cultivar in 40 concentration of copper sulfate and the most amount of proline (0.79 µm/g) from Bahar cultivar in 40 concentration of copper sulfate. Among the main effects of copper sulfate the highest seed consumptive reserve (18.45 mg), seed reserve utilization efficiency (0.77 mg/mg seed) and seed reserve depletion percentage (53.1 percent) was obtained form 0 concenteration of copper sulfate and among the different wheat cultivars the most seed consumptive reserve (18.10 mg) and seed reserve depletion percentage (39.89%) form Roshan cultivar, the highest seed reserve utilization efficiency (0.76 mg.mg-1 seed) from Arg cultivar and the most germination rate (10.94) were obtained from Back cross roshan cultivar. Among the different wheat cultivars, Roshan and Back crass roshan cultivars in terms of tolerance to copper sulphate were superior to Arg and Bahar cultivars.

The purpose of this study was to determine the lethal concentration (LC50 96h) of copper sulfate in rainbow trout fingerlings (10.0±0.39 g). Acute static toxicity test was performed based on the standard O.E.C.D. using rainbow trout fingerlings in 96 hours. In experiments the toxicity range of copper sulfate on fish, was 1 up to 1000 mg.L-1. Within 24 to 96 hours, mortality was increased with increasing concentrations of copper sulfate. LC50 48h has decreased in compare with LC50 24h. Lethal concentration at 72 hours showed a significant reduction compared to both 24h and 48h. Lethal concentrations of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 10, 8.37, 4.79 and 0.96 mg.mL-1, respectively. Since the toxicity is determined according to the LC50 96h, copper sulfate is very toxic for rainbow trout.

In the present study histological effects of copper sulphate on, 180 common carp, Cyprinus carpio, fingerlings were studied. In this regard, fish of treatment groups were exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm of copper sulphate during 4 days. Behaviours and clinical signs of fish were recorded during the experiment, and samples were done from kidney, liver and gill of moribund and fresh dead fish, and specimens were studied after section and hematoxylin_ Eosin staining for histopathological signs. In this study LC50 value for 48 and 96 hours exposure were calculated as 6.3 and 4.9 mg/l, respectively for common carp fingerlings. Mild to severe histopathological signs were observed in kidney, liver and gill of all treatment fish specimens. Pathologic severity signs in sampled tissues were increased by increasing in concentration and exposure times of copper sulphate. According to the results, it is not recommended to use copper sulphate in fingerling common carp farms in dosage higher than 2 mg/l.

This study was performed in order to investigate effects of CuO nanoparticle (50 nm) and CuSO4, 5H2O as a disinfectant, on growth indices and gill histopathology of grass carp fingerlings. For this aims, 200 grass carp fingerlings (4.5±0.5g), were divided to four treatments included: copper sulfate (1, 1.5 mg/L), CuO–NPs) 100, 200 mg/L) and control group with triplicate, then were studied during 30 days. They were fed with 0.8 French BioMar carp and sampled on, 5th, 10 th, 15th, 20th, 30 th day after exposure. Growth indices of fishes were analyzed by SPSS software. Also, the gill microscopic studies were done. Specific growth rate, condition index, average weight and survival respectively, in copper sulfate 1.5 mg/L group and then CuO-NPs 200 mg/L had significantly decreased (p