Nowadays، it is impossible for retailers to establish a competitive and successful store Atmosphere in the marketplace via making a distinction in the outer facades of their stores، altering the pricing system، and diversifying the products offered in the store، due to the intense competition emerged in retailing markets. In addition to the economic effect on buyers’ behavior، the stores should try their best to attain their goals by less costing. Furthermore، as retailers can change the buyers’ behavior to the extra-role behavior، they can attain more appropriate goals. The social stimulants of store Atmosphere is one of the most important and effective factors on buyers’ behavior at shopping place. So، In this research We’ve connected these variables according to the different studies and designed our model. The statistical society of this study is customers of Refah chain stores in Tehran and The number of sample is 413 people that they were in sore. Validity of questionnaire was calculated based on opinions of university professors، vendors and also through factor analysis. We’ve also used Coefficient alpha (Cronbach، 87 percent) and split half (83 percent) for getting the reliability (83 percent). According to the results، it was confirmed that Social Stimulants of store atmosphere in Refah chain stores have effect on emotional-cognitive indicators and at a result، they have effect on buyer extra role behavior and this effect is not affected by buyers gender and age

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of social stimuli on the purchasing decision of foreign wearing apparel consumers. The descriptive-correlation research method was applied in the field of applied and applied purpose. The statistical population was the consumers of foreign sports clothing brands (Nike, Adidas) in Tehran. A sample size of 384 people was estimated using Morgan's table. Out of these, 380 acceptable questionnaires were analyzed. Measurement tools for the questionnaire were Mansuri Moeid etal. (2014) and Safarzadeh et al. (2011). The questionnaire consisted of three social stimulus indicators with 10 items, a decision to buy 5 items and emotional-perceptual indicators with 4 items. The faculty and content validity of the questionnaire was reviewed by eight sports management professors and after the corrections were used. Structural validity and validity were also presented using structural equations. The results showed that there was no significant difference between women's and men's views on the purchase of foreign sports goods. However, the regression weights of the model paths showed that social stimuli had a better effect on women's purchasing decisions than men in the shop floor space. In general, when vendors use polite and positive words and sentences, the buyer delivers more flexible and patient service during the service, as well as participates in incentive and promotional programs. Therefore, retail owners must create a desirable shop floor space, especially in the field of social stimuli, which stimulates buyer behavior and decision making process for consumers.

In traditional Iranian architecture, the courtyard serves an important purpose of providing a secure and private space for family activities. This is based on cultural and ritual practices that prioritize creating an enclosed and protected environment that is not visible to outsiders. Based on the definition of the relationship between open spaces and closed spaces, Iran’s traditional residential architecture is classified into two types: extrovert and introvert. In both extroverted and introverted types, the formation and quality of open spaces have been affected by natural conditions and social and cultural factors. During the second Pahlavi period from 1961 to 1971, the construction of modern houses and residential complexes became popular in Iran, which ultimately caused a complete transformation in the relationship between open and closed spaces in Iranian residential architecture, and as a result, the role and function of open spaces in residential buildings changed completely. Compared to traditional housing, the nature and function of open spaces in modern residential buildings has undergone significant changes. In traditional housing, open spaces were meant for communication with nature and provided a secure and private area for family activities. Therefore, this research deals with the qualitative investigation of open spaces and the identification of the relationship between culture and the environment in residential open spaces, and the analysis of residential buildings in Tabriz city.

This study has an applied purpose and its methodology is based on a descriptive-analytical approach. The information required to extract the theoretical framework and identify the components affecting the open spaces of the residential building was collected using the bibliographic and document method. Moreover, in order to collect the required data in the field studies, two methods of questionnaire and observation were used. To evaluate the open spaces of residential buildings from the perspective of residents of Tabriz city, a questionnaire was designed based on a five-point Likert scale. Taking into account the statistics published by Iran Statistics Center, the number of households in Tabriz is 563,660, of which 518,187 live in Tabriz. Therefore, the statistical population of this research is equal to 518,187 people, assuming that every household owns a house. Taking into account the number of households living in the sample areas, which is equal to 1634 people, and the people who were able to answer the questionnaire, the sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula, and the questionnaire was distributed among 196 residents. The sample spaces of the research were selected purposefully and according to three different models of current urban housing in Tabriz city. These three patterns are: apartment (south-north), residential complex, and tower. AVE and CR methods were used to measure the reliability and validity of the research.

The physical components of the study were evaluated and the top six indicators with an average score of more than 3 were identified as follows: 1) enjoyment (3.92), 2) signs (3.53), 3) intersections (3.49), 4) natural elements (3.46), 5) pollution (3.42), and 6) boundaries (3.02). Additionally, in the section related to perceptual components, the two indicators of mobility and unreal spaces had the highest average of 3.46 and 3.36, respectively. In terms of emotional components, the results analysis showed that only the precognition index had an average higher than 3, while the excitement index had an average of 2.99, which is close to the centrality index. Comparing the total average of the indicators across the three components, it can be concluded that the physical component with a total average of 2.98 is ranked first, followed by the emotional component with a total average of 2.25, and finally the perceptual component with a total average of 1.85 ranked last.

The main users of this research, which aim to identify the factors that influence the quality of residential open spaces from a cultural ecology perspective, are architects and landscape designers. The research findings offer valuable insights for these professionals to enhance the open spaces of residential environments. Considering that a complete framework for evaluating and measuring the quality of open spaces in residential buildings has not yet been defined, one of the main achievements of this research is to empower experts and designers to better understand the environmental and cultural characteristics of open spaces in residential buildings; which will be effective in increasing the quality of open spaces in the house. This research showed that physical-functional components and emotional components play an effective role in increasing the quality of open spaces and there is a direct relationship between the aforementioned components. According to residents, the quality of residential open spaces is greatly affected by the physical-functional structure (physical indicators) and cultural identity is created by paying attention to emotional and social concepts (emotional indicators) in residential open spaces. Giving consideration to cultural symbols, signs, and historical memory of residents, as well as ensuring a sense of security, liveliness, and vibrancy, can enhance the cultural aspect of open spaces in residential areas.

Human life depends on the survival of nature, and without nature human life is doomed to destruction. Given the importance of nature in human life, as well as the proliferation of cities, the integration of nature in cities for the survival of human beings is inevitable. Now, considering the importance of integrating nature in cities with a more specialized concept as biophilic cities, the researcher examined the Biophilic indices in Isfahan on tourism (cognitive image - affective image - word of mouth and intention to visit). Structural equation method in Smart PLS 3 software was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that all four hypotheses of the study were confirmed and the Biophilic indices in Isfahan had effect on affective image, cognitive image, word of mouth and tourists' intention to visit, and the most impact was related to the affective image factor.

Crime prediction, by emphasizing the spatial, individual and social criminogenic variables, seeks to adopt preventive approaches and eliminate criminogenic factors. The present study was conducted to evaluate the crime prediction in the light of the Myers-Briggs personality test among all undergraduate law students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The data collection tools in this study are the researcher-made questionnaire and the Myers-Briggs questionnaire or MBTI, in which four dual dimensions of personality are considered, including introversion-extroversion, sensing-intuitive, thinking-feeling and judging- Perceiving.The correlation matrix showed that the probability of committing a crime is inversely related to the variables of extroversion, introversion, sensory, intuitive, intellectual and judgmental and is directly related to the perceptual and emotional variables. Examining the effects of personality types in the MBTI questionnaire showed that feeling, intuitive and judging variables can predict crime. The positive coefficient of feeling personality variable in stepwise regression shows that this variable can predict crime. However, the negative coefficient of intuitive and judging personality types indicates that these two personality types can predict not committing a crime. As a result, people with feeling type commit crimes due to emotions and low self-control. On the contrary, rational decision-making, realism and focusing on the truth in people with intuitive and ethical personality type, high self-control and logical decisions in people with judging personality prevent committing crimes.

Crime prediction as a statistical/mathematical concept estimates the probability of committing a crime through the collection and analysis of individual information and demographic variables (Eck et al, 2005: 33). Thus, crime prediction predicts human behavior and estimates the probability of crime by considering various conditions that are effective in committing a crime. Based on this, it should be said that "crime prediction is a branch of futurology that studies hypothetical futures in order to prepare for dealing with criminal behavior" (Gholami and Barzegar, 2017: 10). Since identifying important methods for crime estimation is one of the basic concerns and issues in dealing with crime, today crime prediction is considered as one of the most important tools for identifying dangerous variables and adopting preventive and restorative measures.
The findings of many studies in criminology and criminal psychology have proven the role of personality traits in committing crimes (Barjali and Abdulmaleki, 2013: 58). The psychological findings of criminal behavior also show that many people who have personality disorders and show maladaptive behaviors commit crimes in different situations (Sotoudeh et al., 2014: 81). According to Ising's theory, criminal personality depends on the existence of at least two ability variables, extroversion, psychopathy and psychopathy (Eysenck, 1952: 349). According to some other opinions, on the one hand, psychopathic extroverts, in terms of personality, are the people who have the most criminal talent, and on the other hand, psychopaths are always prone to commit crimes in terms of personality; Because as a result of unknown physiological factors, they become callous, vengeful, callous and unfeeling (Kampen, 2009: 16).
Therefore, considering the important role of crime prediction in identifying risk variables, risk management and adopting preventive mechanisms, and the important effect of personality types on lawfulness or law-breaking of people, this research, while emphasizing on crime risk management and using interdisciplinary approaches, tries to use from the Myers-Briggs personality test and in the form of an experimental study, to examine the relationship between personality types and the likelihood of crime among undergraduate law students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of applied purpose and method. Correlation research is one of the descriptive research methods that examines the relationship between variables based on the research objective. Therefore, the correlation method is used for the two main purposes of discovering the relationship between variables and for predicting the subject's score in one variable from its scores in other variables. The statistical population of this research is undergraduate law students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. To investigate the relationship between the Myers-Briggs model theory and its application in predicting crime, the 60-question MBTI questionnaire was used. This questionnaire, which is actually the same questionnaire derived from Myers-Briggs model theory, was presented by these two researchers. Each question contains two propositions to which the respondent chooses the desired answer. In fact, there are no right or wrong answers in the MBTI questionnaire. This questionnaire has been used as a standard and valid global questionnaire in many studies and its validity and reliability have been confirmed. (Harrington and Loffredo, 2001; Steel and Young, 2008; Kim and Hon, 2014; Oh et al, 2007; Rushton et al, 2007) At the same time, to analyze the relationship between personality theory and predicting crime, it is necessary to measure the dangerous state/propensity for crime. be considered; Because the relationship between personality theory and crime prediction cannot be obtained without the criterion of criminal capacity. For this reason, in the questionnaire created by the researcher in ten separate questions, petty crimes such as minor destructions, cheating in the exam, littering, driving without having a valid license, etc. were considered as a measure of criminal aptitude. At this stage, to measure the validity of the researcher-made questionnaire, the opinions of experts and experts were obtained.

The results show that the dependent variable - committing a crime - with extroversion (-0.038), introversion (-0.104), sensory (-0.050), intuition (-0.152), intellectual (-0.263) variables and judgmental (-0.283) has an inverse relationship and a direct and significant relationship with perceptual (0.152) and emotional (0.141) variables. The significance level for emotional, intuitive and judgment independent variables is less than 0.05 (P-Value<0.05) and as a result, these three variables have the ability to predict crime. The positivity of the coefficient of the emotional variable indicates its positive effect on crime, and the negativity of the intuition and judgment coefficients indicates their negative effect on crime.

Based on statistical findings, in the first step, emotional personality type has a significant positive relationship with crime. The emotional personality approach, which represents the actions of the peripheral nervous system and a reflection of the biological readiness for physical reaction to stressful events (Dosant, 1390: 111), includes features such as temper tantrums, anger, and dissatisfaction. Thus, emotional personality shows the intensity of emotional reactions in forms such as aggression and dissatisfaction. Therefore, emotional personality can be considered aligned with some variables proposed in Pinatel's criminal personality theory. To examine the transition from thought to action, Pinatel believes that each person's personality has five variables, which consists of a central core and four variables. The four variables around the central core are egoism, temper tantrums, aggression and indifference. According to him, when the two or three mentioned variables are formed around the central core, the probability of committing a crime will increase (Najafi Abrandabadi and Hashembeigi, 2017: 105). Therefore, neuroticism, which consists of emotions such as anger, temper tantrums, and selfishness, can be analyzed in the form of Pinatel's criminal personality theory. The correlation matrix of the research variables showed that in the statistical population of the research, the factor of emotional personality has a direct relationship with committing a crime; This means that as people's emotionality increases, the probability of committing a crime increases. However, the important and fundamental point is that in step-by-step regression, the emotional personality approach has the highest power to predict crime. Therefore, in line with many researches in criminal psychology, regarding the statistical population of this research, emotional personality, while being related to crime, can also be effective in predicting crime.

High-rise construction is one of the methods of providing urban housing, and nowadays, the examination of their responsiveness in providing the quality of life for residents has been more and more noticed by designers and researchers. The current research, which is of a descriptive-analytical type and was prepared using a survey method, while identifying the effective factors in spatial attachment including "form-physical", "perceptual-emotional" and "activity-functional" and ranking them It deals with the level of residential satisfaction. These components in the formal-physical index include the components of "presence ability", "desired quality", "suitable density", "collective spaces" and "indicative places", in the perceptual-emotional index including the components of "duration of residence". "marital status", "personal income", "gender" and "occupation". The components of "memorable local events", "social interactions", "special activities", "suitability of activity to needs" and "cooperation" are also included in the sub-components of the activity-functional factor. The case study of this research is the Aseman residential complex in Tabriz, and its statistical population consists of the residents of this complex. The results of the surveys show that the perceptual-emotional factor with an average score of (3.610) and the formal-physical factor with an average score of (2.932) had the greatest and least impact on creating attachment to a place, respectively. The components of "presence" (3.02) from the formal-physical factor, "duration of residence" (3.73) from the perceptual-emotional factor and "memorable local events" (3.62) from the activity-functional factor have the highest score. among the relevant sub-components. Also, the findings show that there is a significant relationship between the effective factors in creating attachment and people's satisfaction with living in high-rise buildings. This means that the higher the quality of these components and the higher the level of people's understanding of them, the greater the attachment to the place. In proportion to this promotion of the sense of belonging in people, their level of satisfaction with living in high-rise buildings increases. According to the findings of the research, it is suggested that architects, designers and urban planners in the design of residential complexes, all the effective indicators on creating spatial attachment, including physical (form and composition, natural elements, lighting, visibility and access and ...), activities (social welfare, commercial, recreational and transportation services, diversity of activities, etc.) should be taken into consideration more in advance and provide the basis for the positive impact of individual and social indicators in order to achieve satisfaction. Residents will increase from living in high-rise residential complexes

      As one of the important indicators of sustainable urban development, the housing category, if unhealthy, endangers the health and quality of life of a wide range of people in the society and consequently the health of the city. Regarding high-rise buildings and their level of satisfaction, many researchers believe that one of the effects of living in complexes with high population density and unfavorable environmental quality is the weakening of social ties between residents, which itself is the basis for reducing stable communication, non-participation, decreasing the sense of belonging and gradual deterioration of these collections. High-rise construction is one of the methods of providing urban housing, and nowadays, the examination of their responsiveness in providing the quality of life for residents has been more and more noticed by designers and researchers. In Iran, residential complexes in different forms are used as a solution to provide housing, but the examination of the response rate of these complexes to ensure the quality of life for the residents has not been given much attention. Measuring housing satisfaction is complex and depends on many factors. Regarding high-rise buildings and their level of satisfaction, many researchers believe that one of the effects of living in complexes with high population density and unfavorable environmental quality is the weakening of social ties between residents, which itself is the basis for reducing stable communication, non-participation, decreasing the sense of belonging and gradual deterioration of these collections. Given that satisfaction, like human nature, is a complex phenomenon with diverse and different indicators, in the present research, the effective factors in place dependence and satisfaction of citizens from living in high-rise buildings were investigated. The factors influencing the creation of a sense of belonging to a place can be considered to be caused by the person and the surrounding environment (with all its characteristics). This is the case with the factors of the "environmental" and the factors that are affected by the social factors, and the social factors. Local cooperation and local visas create memories, etc., and personal factors include mental images and personal characteristics, etc. Such as mental images, satisfaction, security, relationships, expectations and previous belongings, and personal characteristics have the factors of job, type of residence, reference culture and length of stay.

The current research, which is of a descriptive-analytical type and was prepared using a survey method, while identifying the effective factors in spatial attachment including "form-physical", "perceptual-emotional" and "activity-functional" and ranking them It deals with the level of residential satisfaction. These components in the formal-physical index include the components of "presence ability", "desired quality", "suitable density", "collective spaces" and "indicative places", in the perceptual-emotional index including the components of "duration of residence". "marital status", "personal income", "gender" and "occupation". The components of "memorable local events", "social interactions", "special activities", "suitability of activity to needs" and "cooperation" are also included in the sub-components of the activity-functional factor. The case study of this research is the Aseman residential complex in Tabriz, and its statistical population consists of the residents of this complex. The questions raised around each indicator were prepared and completed by the statistical community based on the five-point Likert scale. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaire, the content validity method was used qualitatively. The reliability of the questionnaires was also evaluated using Cronbach's alpha calculation method equal to (0.876). Finally, the collected data were processed with SPSS software at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics and analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient test.

The results of the surveys show that the perceptual-emotional factor with an average score of (3.610) and the formal-physical factor with an average score of (2.932) had the greatest and least impact on creating attachment to a place, respectively. The components of "presence" (3.02) from the formal-physical factor, "duration of residence" (3.73) from the perceptual-emotional factor and "memorable local events" (3.62) from the activity-functional factor have the highest score. among the relevant sub-components. Also, the findings show that there is a significant relationship between the effective factors in creating attachment and people's satisfaction with living in high-rise buildings. This means that the higher the quality of these components and the higher the level of people's understanding of them, the greater the attachment to the place. In proportion to this promotion of the sense of belonging in people, their level of satisfaction with living in high-rise buildings increases. In the interpretation of these findings, it can be pointed out that the satisfaction of citizens has a deep relationship with a person's understanding and feeling about an object, subject, place, etc. Events, images, people and belongings in an environment create a memory and mentality in a person and cause feelings such as happiness, enthusiasm, sadness, sadness and memories in a person, which is associated with the creation of attachment. Form-physical factors as well as activity-functional factors, although each of them has some kind of effect in creating a memory and place attachment, but considering that the form-physical factors undergo changes over time, such as additions, colors and lighting, etc. and the activity-functional factors also cause the removal and addition of some activities by changing the use and converting some spaces into future needed spaces to other factors.

     In a general summary and according to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that all three mentioned factors had a positive effect in creating a sense of belonging and place attachment, but the effect of perceptual-emotional factors was better. So, It is suggested that architects, designers and urban planners in the design of residential complexes, all the effective indicators on creating spatial attachment, including physical (form and composition, natural elements, lighting, visibility and access and ...), activities (social welfare, commercial, recreational and transportation services, diversity of activities, etc.) should be taken into consideration more in advance and provide the basis for the positive impact of individual and social indicators in order to achieve satisfaction residents will increase from living in high-rise residential complexes.

This study is an attempt to find the relationship between personality type of the learners and their performance on reading comprehension tests of two structurally different texts, i.e. narrative and cause/effect. To detect the relationship, a researcher-made reading comprehension comprising eight passages of both text structures and the Persian version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were administered to a group of 379 BA English students from different Iranian universities. The collected data were analyzed and the results indicated that the distribution of subjects' scores on both tests were not normal. Therefore, two Kruskal-Wallis tests were run to detect the relationship. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis tests showed no difference between the subjects' performance on both tests. In order to find out if any specific personality type group had performed better on one of the tests, eight paired sample T-tests were run. The results indicated that compared to the cause/effect mean scores, all groups had performed better on the narrative test, but the difference between the mean scores of STJ, SFJ, SFP, and NFP personality groups were significant. Therefore, it was concluded that the inclusion of most of the feeling subjects, who possess certain personality characteristics congruent with narrative textual features, in these four categories has assisted their better performance. Drawing on the results of the study, implications of the results are suggested.

As the investigation of the Wessex’s paratextual material reveals, Hardy’s insightful conviction on the primacy of emotional reasoning over logical cognition in the mind’s nexus informs his predetermined intentionality in assigning the impressionistic elicitation of affective responsiveness as the ultimate mission of his literary compositions. Accordingly, the Wessex novelist develops a sophisticated fabric of interconnected narrative strategies to effectively evoke and enlist the subject readers’ empathetic identification with the desolately suffering protagonists. Since humankind is condemned to the inflictions of a sinisterly indifferent universe in Hardy’s fixated philosophy, the affective investments of his impressionistic narratives purportedly aim at the altruistic propagation of empathetic compassion to rectify moral degeneration. However, it is critical to reconsider the functional basis of the Wessex’s methodical dominion on emotional susceptibilities in the scope of contemporary research in affective narratology since the instrumental capitalization on affective realism harbors grave capacity for engraving the intended versions of perceived reality. Background of the Study: The recent investigations carried out in the multidisciplinary scope of neuroscience attest to the pre-eminence of emotional susceptibilities over reasoning faculty in the mind network revolutionizing the conventional theories on the cognitive function in the reality perception process. The revitalized focus on the overarching emotional orientation of the mind’s cognitive performance extends to literature in the sub-domain of affective narratology and informs the analytical research on its function and impact in narratives by such renowned scholars as Suzanna Keen. In Empathy and the Novel, Keen discusses the stylistic features and strategic techniques that elicit empathetic responsiveness in the narrative discourses leading to the subject readers’ affective identification with the represented fictional characters or situations. 

“Narrative Empathy Theory” and “ Introduction:

Narratives and Emotions” incorporate Keen’s evaluation of the role of discursive elements such as characterization style and narrator’s function in the empathetic enlistment process and provide innovative concepts in the categorization of the various strategies of empathetic evocation in the narrative discourses that perform as “ideoartistic battlefields”.

The theoretical framework and the discourse analysis procedures in affective narratology are informed by the current research in the interconnected branches of knowledge. The remarkable investigations of such prominent scholars as Suzanna Keen in affective narratology challenge the long-established emotion-reason binary by emphasizing the determining primacy of emotional susceptibility in the reciprocal interaction of the mind nexus’s cognitive and affective faculties in forming the interpretation gestalts of literary narrative discourses. Investigating the process of the Wessex’s affective impressionism through the analytical discursive reassessments in light of the latest neuro-scientific theories is crucial in uncovering the functional bases of Hardy’s methodical efficiency in the strategic capitalization on the audience’s empathetic identification.

The saturated impressionism of the Wessex narratives is significantly enforced by the remarkable correspondence of the interconnected discursive strategies with the latest findings on the primary role of the mind’s affective faculty in shaping perceptions of reality. The stylistic assessment of Hardy’s narrative techniques to capitalize on empathetic identification indicates the substantial correspondence of his realistic representations with the principles of affective realism in present-day theories. The compelling urge on the subject readers’ affective susceptibilities is emphatically enforced through the discursive applications of the parallelism between the mind’s inner emotional valences with the projections of the outer world, their reciprocal interdependency in the forming the gestalt of a perceived cognitive reality and the consequent conception of the intentionality of an outer sentiency. However, the Wessex’s overwhelming investment in affective impressionism alarmingly facilitates the channeling of the dark ideological propositions of a sinister philosophy through the self-prophesizing transfigurations of reality that can act as deterministic forces in fashioning the individuals’ reciprocal interactions with the socio-cultural context.