This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of puppet show on preschool's social skills and creativity in Maragheh city. The research method of the current study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of this study included all preschoolers of Maragheh. The statistical sample of the current study included two preschools of Maragheh which were randomly chosen and assigned as the experimental and control groups. Puppet show was performed for eight one-hour sessions by a show expert instructor for the experimental group per a week. The instruments included Gresham and Elliott's social skills grading scale and Torrance creativity test. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results indicated that puppet show was effective on preschoolers, social skill levels (including cooperation assertiveness, self-control and behavioral skills) (p

Or­nithobacterium rhinotracheale has been known as a relatively recently discovered pathogenic bacterial agent in broiler and turkey flocks and it causes economic losses to the poultry industryannually. The purpose of this study was survey of seroprevalence of Or­nithobacterium rhinotrachealeinfection in slaughtered broiler chickens in slaughter house of Maragheh, eastern Azerbaijan-Iran. By referring to poultry industrial slaughter house of Maragheh and recording the location of poultry house and the name of the city, a total of 270 blood samples were randomly taken from broiler flocks and then the samples were transferred to laboratory for gaining their sera. ELISA test was performed on sera. A total of 270 samples ( from 27 different flocks) were taken from poultry industrial slaughter house of Maragheh, 10 serum samples( 3.7%) were positive , 29 serum samples (10.75%) were suspect and 231 serum samples ( 85.55%) were negative. This seroprevalence is less than previous reports of other provinces in Iran.

This research has been conducted to examine the factors influencing the employed women’s participation in taking management positions in Maragheh public schools. Based on the conceptual model of the research, individual, organizational and cultural factors were recognized influential in employed women’s rate of participation in taking managerial positions. To confirm or reject the impact of these factors, the research data were obtained by administering a researcher-made questionnaire on a sample of 256 subjects selected from among the female managers working in public schools of Maragheh (in 1390-1392 academic years). Then, to find out the relationship between the dependent and independent variables, the data were analyzed using the fixed Pearson test, the one-sample t-test and regression analysis. The results indicate that the three hypotheses are accepted. In other words, individual, organizational and cultural factors influence employed women’s rate of participation in taking management positions in Maragheh public schools. As a final point, we can say that, based the research results, cultural factors have the highest impact on employed women’s rate of participation in taking management positions.

The aim of the present study was to compare the viewpoints of physical education teachers and students on social support behavior and its characteristics and effectiveness of physical education classes and their relationship in schools of Maragheh city. The study population consisted of all physical education teachers and all high school students in Maragheh city and the statistical sample consisted of 383 male students and 39 physical education teachers of high schools in Maragheh city who were selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected by the Pelletier Interpersonal Behavior (2001) Questionnaire and Stephen and Teacher Effectiveness Questionnaire by Choo and Christine Bowley (2007). The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that: 1- there was a significant difference between the viewpoints of physical education teachers and students on social support behavior and its characteristics and the effectiveness of physical education classes in high schools of Maragheh city (P≤0.05). 2- There was a significant and positive correlation between social support of physical education teachers and its characteristics effectiveness of physical education classes from the viewpoints of both teachers and students. It is recommended that physical education teachers should spread social support behavior and its characteristics.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of socio-economic factors on sports participation in Maragheh households.
It is an applied descriptive-correlational research. The research population consisted of all the households in the town of Maragheh. According to the Statistical Yearbook of the province in 2011, Maragheh has the estimated households of 47,982. According to Morgan's table, 386 households were selected as sample by cluster random sampling. The research instrument was the Socio-economic questionnaire (Godratnema, Heidarinejad and Davoodi, 2013). The reliability coefficient was 0.79. To test the normal distribution of data, Kolmogorov- Smirnov was measured. The analysis of data was done using regression at a significance level of 0.05.
The results showed that social factors did not significantly affect household's sport participation (P≥0.05). However, the economic factors influenced the sports participation (P≤0/001).
According to the results, in order to increase the household's sports participation, economic factors are more important than social factors.

Man-made caves or troglodytic spaces are special kinds of architecture in which no materials are applied for creating the spaces and in turn they are created through decreasing the rocky mass in the ground and rock’s bed by human being. The Man-made caves or troglodytic spaces have been identified and introduced in different parts of the country so far. Maragheh County which is located in the north western part of Iran, not only owns the numerous historical monuments from different periods, but also holds a number of Troglodytic sites. According to the available evidence, exploitation of indigenous architecture based on the environmental factors in Maragheh County has long attracted the attentions of many communities in this area. Therefore based on the needs of the residents, troglodytic spaces have been created in the land and rock beds with various applications. Based on the field survey, it was found that still there have been various man-made caves or troglodytic spaces in Maragheh County which is worth considering for investigations and documentations, furthermore, the results of this study can be applied as a model for further studies of Man-made caves or troglodytic architectures in other villages located in the foothills of the Sahand Mountain. Studies show that despite the diversity and relatively large number of rocky cliff troglodytic spaces in some villages of this area, it is hard to find any complete investigations in this field. Therefore, the troglodytic spaces of this region are less known and null action has been taken to register these magnificent works in the list of national works of the country. Due to this fact, in this research, by taking the advantages of the archeological and architectural studies, an attempt has been made to introduce the troglodytic spaces of Maragheh and then describe the formation factor, the general characteristics of the spaces and the period of its use. This research seeks to answer these fundamental questions: in which field the typology and architectural classification of the troglodytic spaces in Maragheh County are classified? What are the general characteristics of Troglodytic spaces in Maragheh County? The present survey aims to study and analyze the typology and classification of the mentioned Man-made caves or troglodytic spaces. Accordingly, while identifying, introducing and explaining the characteristics of the troglodytic spaces of this region, the research has also dealt with the formation factors of these architectural spaces. Besides, implementing the field method for recording and explaining the current situation, the survey adopted documentary studies based on the descriptive - analytical method to identify the formation factor of troglodytic architecture in Maragheh County. Also the study benefited from the Geographic Information System (GIS) for identifying the distribution pattern of the Troglodytic spaces in Maragheh villages.The results demonstrate that the troglodytic works of Maragheh villages can be categorized based on morphology in superficial and sub - surface forms. Moreover, in terms of typology and classification of usability nature, they are applied for various uses including a) residential, b) ritual-religious, c) protective and d) public benefit. Many of these troglodytic spaces are now destroyed and lost their original use; simultaneously they are mostly applied as storage and livestock spaces. Research method The present research is descriptive-analytical and data collection is done by library method based on field studies. The authors hope to provide a logical and reasoned answer to the questions raised about this kind of architecture by citing the results of field research conducted at the county level and also relying on library studies on troglodytic works.

In recent years there has been an increase in the trend for cesarean section. Due to surgical complications financial costs and mothers long period of hospitalization vaginal delivery is preferred as a favorite procedure. However womens requests for and tendency toward cesarean is one of the main reasons for this increase. The aim of the present study was to study the choice of the delivery method type and its related factors in pregnant women in Maragheh. In this deh1ive cross - sectional study 250 pregnant women were interviewed in three primary health care centers in Maragheh in September 2006. The questionnaire used in the study included items seeking demographic characteristics fertility history selection of the labor type and its reasons. Chi square and independent t– test were used to analyze the collected data through SPSS software. From 250 women who were selected for the study 179(71.8%) selected the natural delivery and 71(28.4%) preferred cesarean section. Having a history of cesarean section and referral place for control of pregnancy were significantly associated with selection of the labor type (P

This study investigates the relation between leisure time activities and trends in juvenile delinquency in suburb areas of Maragheh city. It is a survey and the statistical population is selected from among all adolescents aged 13 to 18 years from deprived suburb areas of the city of Maragheh. Data were collected and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were conducted using SPSS software. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between organized leisure activities and delinquency (P <0.01), while the non-organized leisure activities are significantly and positively related to delinquency (P <0.05). Based on the research findings, it can be said that improvements of organized recreation and leisure activities, more attention of official to making suitable entertainment for teens and families, have important roles in reducing juvenile delinquency.

One of the main rock sites of Maragheh is the rock-cut architectural complex at the west part of the Observatory Hill. Despite being on the National Monuments list; this rock-cut site’s use is not studied comprehensively yet. The structure is located at the end of Pasdaran (former Darayi) Street, below the historical site of the Observatory Hill. This valuable complex includes a number of troglodytic spaces consist of barrel vault and vault revetments on the foundation of limestone. The chronology and use of this site – like many other rock sites in Iran – are the essential questions raised about it. This paper describes the structure and architecture of the rock-cut complex of the Observatory Hill, and seeks to determine its use and relative chronology. Regarding the archaeological data of the site and the history of this architecture in Maragheh, and comparing it with other rock-cut structures, it can be concluded that the site was created during the Islamic era. The structure had a ritualistic use for Christians and Buddhists, and during the Ghazan Khan religious reforms it was enlarged and extended; however, until the Qajar period was used as the monastery of the Assyrian Christians.

The purpose of this article is to identify the factors within the organization affecting the observance of the citizenship rights of the people accused by the employees of the Maragheh police command center. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and geodesic in terms of method. The statistical population is all employees of the Maragheh police command center. The number of samples was 108 using Morgan table and random sampling method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Intra-organizational factors are divided into four sections: managerial-organizational, cultural-social, educational- and supervisory-protective, and the items are adjusted based on them, and using the analysis of the collected data, it was determined that intra-organizational factors have a direct effect on the citizenship right of the suspects and there is a significant relationship between them. Intra-organizational factors were ranked based on the statistical perspective and they are: supervisory-protective, educational, managerial-organizational and cultural-social. No difference was observed in the views according to the level of education; but; with the increase of age factor of the employees, their responses tended towards the supervisory-protective factor. In order to respect the citizenship rights of the suspect, it is necessary to focus on factors such as supervisory bodies and public oversight, educational, cultural and social factors.