: The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a sustainable curriculum scale in Iran's higher education system. To this aim, the face validity is measured after designing the initial scale based on theoretical framework and research background. In the next step, 400 graduate students from Shiraz University are selected by stratified random sampling. The content validity is obtained through item analysis and the construct validity is calculated by factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is obtained for measuring the reliability. According to the factor loads of logic (0.65), the goal (0.78), content (0.83), teaching-learning (0.85), materials and educational resources (0.86), learning activities (0.84) ), time (0.78), space (0.76), grouping (0.89) and evaluation (0.73), the scale construct validity are confirmed and based on significant correlation between subscales with scale total score and items with their subscales, content validity is confirmed as well. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the sustainable curriculum scale (0.97) and the subscales of logic (0.93), target (93.03), content (0.87), teaching-learning methods (0.79), materials and Educational resources (0.95), learning activities (0.88), time (0.92), space (0.78), grouping (0.77) and evaluation (0.93), confirm the reliability of sustainable curriculum scale and its’ subscales.

This study aimed to develop and validate the Information Seeking Anxiety Scale. Two pilot studies were undertaken for the development of the instrument. 550 postgraduate students completed a pilot questionnaire consisting of a 93-item Likert-type scale at the University of Malaya. In an attempt to assess the construct validity of the scale، an Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed. Using a Varimax rotation and criteria of 0. 4 or greater for deeming a factor loading practically significant، the factor analysis yielded 6 interpretable factors with 47 items. The 6 factors collectively explained % 35. 73 of the total variance in Information Seeking Anxiety Scale. Reliability analysis using Cronbach’s Alpha indicates a coefficient of 0. 902 for total scale which shows an adequate internal consistency reliability. According to the results، Information Seeking Anxiety Scale is a valid and reliable instrument and may be used in future studies to measure information seeking anxiety of postgraduate students.

Death anxiety plays an important role in people's life and mental health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the multivariable relationship between religiosity, religious-spiritual struggles and death anxiety. 209 participants answered the questionnaires of this research online and in person through available sampling. To measure the research variables, death anxiety scale (Templer, 1970), religiosity (Glock and Stark, 1965), religious-spiritual struggle (Exline et al., 2014) and personality organization (Kernberg, 2002) were used. The research findings were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and structural equation model. The results of structural equation analysis between the variables showed the mediating power of personality organization in explaining the relationship between religiosity and religious-spiritual struggles and death anxiety index. Considering the findings of this research, it is suggested that in future researches, the dimensions of this relationship should be investigated with more accuracy and breadth and different and diverse tools than what was used in this research. It is also suggested to design scales that are appropriate to Iranian Islamic culture and to design interventions in line with religious and cultural teachings about the dimensions of this relationship.

Due to the importance of Physical Distribution Service Quality (PDSQ) in logistic systems، the purpose of this paper is to design a practical scale for measuring the construct through the perspectives of Iranian convenience store retailers. A mixedmethod approach was employed for the study; in- depth interviews were first carried out with 16 Iranian experienced retailers who actively had worked in the industry; then content analysis was employed to identify the key underlying factors of PDSQ. Using the cluster sampling technique، 100 respondents from a retailing sector of 4 regions out of 22 regions of Tehran were selected for testing the measurement model and determining the importance and satisfaction level. 10 important PDSQ factors through perspective of Iranian convenience retailers were extracted and categorized in three dimensions including: Coordination of distribution agent (3 factors)، Ordering condition (3 factors)، and Behavioral features of distribution agents (4 factors). IPA diagram was drawn finally.

Background and aimsThe degree to which a person perceives that the outcomes of the situations they experience are under their personal control is a psychological variable known asLocus of Control (LOC). Safety LOC is the construct that specifically address the internal and external LOC in industrial domain. Previous research suggest that safety locus of control can be assessed and used to predict safe behaviors.The main aim of this study was designing, validating, and determining the reliability of safety locus of control scale.MethodsFour hundred workers of Isfahan Steel Company participated in this study. The reliability coefficients were calculated in two different test-retest and Cronbach alpha. In order to survey validity of the scale we used three methods including face validity, content validity and construct validity.ResultsWe established the content validity of the Persian translation by translating (and then back-translating) each item from the English version into the Persian version. Exploratory principal components analysis yielded a three-factor structure that explaining a considerable proportion of the total variance (63.5). Moreover the fit indices of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis turn out were sufficient to support three-factor structure. In addition, the reliability results were acceptable, too.ConclusionIn most studies, designing, validating and determining the reliability of scales are time consuming and costly and if there are valid and reliable scales in different topics, could avoid repetitious works in researches.The results showed that the reliability and validity of Safety Locus of Control was acceptable and respectable and is suggested as an applicable scale for industrial psychology and safety studies in Iran.

Present study has been conducted to construct and validate a scale for assessing of the effective factors of drug abuse tendency among youth. A descriptive method has been used. In this research 408 addicted young adults aged 16-29 years old selected of addiction treatment centers of Razavi Khorasan province during December 2011 till June 2012 by purposive and sequential sampling. For gathering data, 78 items researcher-made questionnaire was administered among selected sample. The face and content validity of scale were approved by the specialists in psychology and sociology. Also, second-order confirmatory factor analysis was used to estimate the construct validity. Result of the research declared that total structure of scale with its three dimensions namely: personal, interpersonal and environmental and social factors for measuring of effective factors of drug abuse tendency. The reliability coefficient of the scale by using of Cranach’s alpha coefficient was 0.94. The results indicated that this scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring effective factors of drug abuse tendency among youth and it can be used in the same statistical population.

This research was designed to achieve two a) designing a scale of teacher's instructional strategies and b) Validating the scale. To this end, Delphi method and content analysis were used to design the scale and a within group plan, using descriptive – survey method, was used to validate the scale. This study included two samples: for the first purpose of the study 43 teachers, through convenient sampling, were selected and for the second purpose 354 teachers, through stratified random multistage cluster sampling were chosen. To collect the data, two researcher – made instruments were employed. The first questionnaire included an open-ended question in which the teachers were required to list their instructional strategies in their class. The second questionnaire was a 29 – item scale in which the items were chosen from among the teachers` instructional strategies through content analysis and exploratory factor analysis. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that all of the teachers` instructional strategies can be classified in seven categories including strategies of learner – centered (cognitive activation), group – based education, focusing and motivating, providing an optimal environment, direct teaching (teacher – centered), controlling the educational process, and preparation. Teachers can employ various instructional strategies to provide appropriate learning environment for students and directly affect the quality of educational process.

The present study is conducted to represent a scale for measuring the wise leadership in Mazandaran executive agencies. Method of the research, in terms of purpose, is a descriptive-analytical method. In this study, statistical population consists of the employees of Mazandaran executive agencies. On the basis of Cochran's formula, 248 employees are selected as a sample. Study is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the model's dimensions and components recognized by means of literature review and interview with experts through purposive sampling method. Eventually, on the basis of experts' opinions, 10 dimensions and 46 items extracted to design the model. In the second stage, the validated factor analysis and the questionnaire were used to validate the recognized components. Research results based on structural equations showed that all items as constructs are validated in the wise leadership; i.e. the value of Average Value Extracted (AVE) for all items were more than 0.50. Also, the final model is supported by fit indices (RMSEA=0.073; RMR=0.015; NFI=0.99, and GFI=0.95). The average level of the wise leadership and its qualities in the statistical sample was more than the considered average. Nowadays, many leaders use knowledge improperly, and are unable to develop and foster its better types. It must be noted that the present situation request for the wise leaders who transform the knowledge to wisdom through dynamic organizational processes, and foster the wisdom in others.

Studies show that limited models have been designed to measure women's information sharing behavior, but so far no valid and reliable tool has been provided to measure women's information sharing behavior in information environments. Since knowing and determining the type of information environment and the extent of their use in information sharing behavior is very effective in strengthening information channels, and informal communication is extremely important in scientific relations, and women, as one of the social groups in a prestigious positions in Society; Most of their information needs are met through informal channels of information, so it is necessary to examine women's information environments; Because the identification of these environments is a solid foundation for planning and making changes in the type and manner of presenting macro-policies with the aim of women achieving dignified competencies, and it can also be a way to optimize information environments. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to construct and validate a questionnaire to analyze the information sharing behavior of women in information environments.

This research is mixed in terms of applied objective, in terms of exploratory approach, and in terms of data collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 15 experts and in the quantitative section includes all women (20 years old and above) active members of urban institutional public libraries in the city centers of Mazandaran province, numbering 4936 people. The sample size was 357 people who were selected by proportional stratified random sampling in 1401. The proportional stratified random sampling method has other names such as "matched sampling", "proportionate to volume" and "proportional" method. This method is used when the target population of the research has a heterogeneous and inconsistent structure. Therefore, due to heterogeneous and heterogeneity, in such cases, the research community is divided into different "classes", in fact, by using stratified sampling, the society is divided into homogeneous groups, so that the people in each class are similar and homogeneous. Then, a random sample is selected from each class in proportion to the number of people in the community. In this method, the researcher wants to select the research sample in such a way as to make sure that the subgroups are present in the sample with the same proportion as they exist in the society as representatives of the society. In other words, in this sampling method, the studied community units are grouped into classes that are homogeneous and congruent in terms of variable attributes so that their changes and diversity within the groups are reduced. As a result, groups and classes that have similar characteristics are formed. Then, with this action (dividing the society into homogeneous groups), the number of samples for each group is determined, then by using the simple random sampling method, the required number of people from each group will be selected in proportion. In this research, through stratified sampling, three geographical regions (east, west and center of Mazandaran province) were considered as strata, in such a way that the researcher entered the selected geographical strata after obtaining the necessary permits and filled out the questionnaire as It was randomly distributed among the designated groups. The sample size in this research was selected and precisely determined based on Cochran's formula. . The pattern of information sharing behavior of women in information environments, 34 questions in 10 dimensions of personal and personal motives; spatial factors; time factors; social motives, cultural motives; moral motives; motivation of informational awareness, political motivation; The information sharing environment and information sharing method was designed. Then, in order to analyze the data using statistical techniques and Smart PLS statistical software, content validity ratio and confirmatory factor analysis, instrument validity, check, and finally with Cronbach's alpha method and reliability coefficient. Combined, the reliability of the instrument was determined.

In the findings of the present research, the results showed that people with different motivations and to meet different needs turn to different information environments. Identifying the most important motivations for using these environments for sharing information can help scientific, educational, cultural and social institutions and especially organizations in charge of scientific and cultural policies in providing the best possible services. Reviewing what was previously discussed, people go to informal information sources such as their family members, relatives, and friends to obtain information. They were very dependent. Lack of access, illiteracy, lack of awareness, unfavorable economic conditions, cultural restrictions, and language or communication barriers have been declared as the main obstacles in obtaining daily information for women. Also, the findings regarding the background factors of women's information environments in information sharing showed that people do not depend on environmental factors and time factors, which were considered as the governing factors in women's information sharing in information environments, to establish social interaction. People are willing to engage in social interaction anywhere, at any time, and at different and unexpected places. When people gather in an information field, they actually participate in social interaction, and conversation about life, generalities, and specific circumstances that lead to unexpected and sometimes purposeful finding of information and formal and informal sharing of information on various topics. In the provided tool, it was found that including "moral", "social", "cultural" and "political" motivations among women can be important factors of information sharing in information environments and it is necessary to observe ethical minimums in information environments. To be Political issues, dimensions and sensitivity to them is another important issue that can be seen in this tool and must be observed by women in information environments and during information sharing. The type and cultural level of people and the sense of security guarantee for women are effective while sharing information in information environments. Therefore, the role of these factors in information sharing in information environments should not be ignored. Because these factors lead to the emergence of planned behaviors by women in information sharing and increase the confidence factor of the abilities of these environments, which ultimately, in this way, they feel satisfied with social interactions and information sharing. Also, based on the results of the research in the presented scale, the direct and indirect planning of discussions and the use of social networks have been approved as strategic factors of information sharing in women's information environments. In fact, the strategic factors of information sharing in women's information environments are a set of reasons that their implementati on and application cause the emergence of information sharing consequences in women's information environments. Environments such as parks or family gatherings are suitable environments for sharing information and experiences. A large part of the information we receive is obtained in a social context and in the form of interaction with familiar people, family members, and friends. In addition, the behavior of sharing information in women's information environments is done through "direct discussions". In social interactions, information is created and shared. Therefore, the most important issue in the information sharing process is effective interactions, and this usually happens through direct (face-to-face) or indirect communication. Formal and informal social interactions between people provide channels for creates information sharing between them. Through social interactions, people find more opportunities to share their information and experiences, and as a result, the flow of information increases. A review of researches shows that obtaining information in any period and for any user under any conditions is one of the main concerns. Because most of the responsibility of the family rests with women, especially regarding health, education and acquiring the necessary skills in household affairs. So they need more information. The sharing of information among women can be effective in raising children and strengthening the foundations of life, which in itself causes the society to flourish and grow more and more. How much the people present in the information environment show enthusiasm towards receiving or providing information is effective in the process of information sharing. Finally, the findings of the research showed that the structure of the pattern of women's information sharing behavior in information environments was confirmed according to the content validity ratio (0.76) and confirmatory factor analysis with the goodness of fit index (GOF) equal to 0.3285. Also, the tool had good reliability with total Cronbach's alpha values (0.988). On the other hand, the results of Figure (1) and Table 4 also show that the 34 items in question can be reduced to 10 factors. The contribution of each factor in explaining the variance of 34 items related to the designed questionnaire is different and decreasing. That is, the first factor has the largest contribution (24.70% with a specific value of 8.40) and the tenth factor with (2.97% and a specific value of 1.01) has the lowest contribution in explaining the variance of these 34 items. In total, all 10 factors have been able to explain 70.40% of the variance of the 34 items related to the designed questionnaire with specific values higher than 1. The results of the independent sample One Sample T-Test also showed that the significance level of the test regarding all the components of women's information sharing in information environments is less than the error level of 0.05% and the average of these variables is 3 (the middle of the Likert scale) 5 options is more and also the upper limit and lower limit of all the variables are both positive values, with confidence above 95%, it can be stated that the information sharing of women in information environments and its components are in a relatively favorable situation.

The scale designed to investigate the information sharing behavior of women in information environments in the work environment has been evaluated as suitable according to the revealed factors, and its use is recommended to measure the information sharing behavior of women in information environments. All criteria of Cronbach's alpha, significance of factor loadings between questions and underlying variables, Composite Reliability (CR), Average Variance Extracted (AVE), and Discriminant validity by Fornell and Larcker method, as well as the appropriateness of the measurement model, indicate that the questionnaire used in this research measures what the researchers are looking for. Therefore, the built tool provides the criteria of the behavior pattern of women's information sharing in information environments to the researchers. The results of the current research showed that people with different motivations and needs turn to different information environments. Identifying the most important motivations for using information environments in sharing information can help scientific, educational, cultural, and social institutions, especially organizations in charge of scientific and cultural policies, provide the best possible services. Discovered factors include:Individual and personality motivations with sub-factors (personal desire, altruism, individual and personality fit, individual interests, and recognition of personality dimensions to share information between individuals or other; Spatial factors with sub-factors (no place and no need for a specific place for information sharing behavior in information environments); Time factors with sub-factors (timelessness, unplanned and completely accidental occurrence of information sharing behavior in information environments); Social motivations with sub-factors (social interaction, promotion of social status, and the desire to communicate in order to engage in information sharing behavior in information environments); Cultural motivations with sub-factors (people's cultural level, the existence of an information-seeking culture in people and the existence of an information-seeking culture in sharing); Ethical motives with sub-factors (religious and religious considerations in information sharing, interpersonal trust in information sharing, and privacy in information sharing); Information awareness motivation with sub-factors (gaining awareness of the results and consequences of information sharing behavior, information and knowledge sharing, exchange of knowledge and information, exchange of experience and scientific considerations affected by the results and consequences of information sharing in information environments); Political motivation with sub-factors (political issues and sensitivities in society, the existence of a sense of political security in society, the distribution and transfer of political information from one person, group, or organization to another, and the sharing of ideas and thoughts, suggestions, and experiences); Information sharing environment with sub-agents (formal gatherings, friendly meetings and informal gatherings and social networks to share information in information environments) and finally how to share information with sub-agents (direct plan of topics, indirect plan of topics and how to share information in Women's information environments were with information taken from social networks, family periodicals, etc.) , which by measuring in the experimental environment of public libraries of Mazandaran province, while confirming their efficiency in cultural environments, it was determined that the built tools are qualitatively and quantitatively capable has the measurement of the desired variable. Therefore, it is suggested: